Chapter 14 of 14 · The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865-1914 by Robert Higgs
Index
INDEX
Agrarian protest, 86–102
Agriculture, 3–4, 16–17, 26, 32, 44–45, 48, 59, 63, 79–106
Alabama, 111
Albany, 70
Alchian, Armen A., 13, 15, 19, 98
American Revolution, 52
Assembly line, 41
Atlanta, 64
Baltimore, 65
Bill of Rights, 53
Bingham ton, 70
Blacks: economic condition of, 113–114120–123; literacy of, 34, 122
Bohemians, 115
Bridgeport, 75
Brokers: farm mortgage, 97–98; in financial markets, 43; information supply and, 11, 43; in labor market, 10
Budd, Edward C, 127
Burnett, A, G., 76
Business fluctuations, 20, 23, 123–124
Business organization, 11, 39–43
Capital gains, 99–101
Capital goods, indivisible, 41
Capital stock, see Investment
Carolinas, 95
Central places, 62–65
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 41–42
Chapman, William, 90
Cheung, Steven N. S., 94–96
Cities: advantages of living in, 77; agricultural specialization and, 62–63; commercial, 61–65; concentration of manufacturing in large, 65; hierarchies of, 64–65; number of, 58–59; why they exist, 59–60; see also Urbanization
Civil War: Southern poverty and, 81–82, 114; standards of living and, 18
Cleveland, 66
Colleges, land–grant, 103–104
Colorado, 109
Commodity output, sectoral distribution of, 47
Communications, 45
Competition: among employers, 118; among farm mortgage lenders, 97–98; among machinery manufacturers, 106; market system and, 9
Contract, law of, 53–54, 56–57, 125
Corporations: considered legal persons, 57; growth of productivity and, 39–42
Cotton, 51, 80, 82, 83, 88, 104–105
Danbury, 75
Dane, Nathan, 55
Death rate, 22–23, 38–39, 68–72
Deflation, see Price level
Demand patterns, changes in, 15–16, 47, 80
Denison, Edward F., 25
Depression, see Business fluctuations
Des Moines, 64
Detroit, 65–66
Diffusion of technology, 43, 45, 72, 105–106
Discrimination: ethnic, 115–119; racial, 121–123
Disease: crop and animal, 102; human, 36–39, 67–72
Duell, C. H., 12
Duesenberry, James S., 22
Easterlin, Richard A., 49, 108, 113
Economic growth: beginning of, 50–57; changes in price level and, 21; declining birth rate and, 22; defined, 11; distribution of gains of, 16–17, 124–125; measures of, 18–20; sources of, 11–12, 24–25, 126–127; urbanization and, 59, 61–64, 67, 75–76; see also Productivity, growth of
Education, 14–15, 34–36, 109–110
Emancipation of slaves, 18, 113–114, 121
Eminent domain, legal doctrine of, 54
Energy consumption, 47
Engerman, Stanley L., 113
Epidemics, 36, 38, 70; see also Disease, human
Evans, George Heberton, Jr., 40
Experimentation, agricultural, 103–104
Fabricant, Solomon, 25
Fairs, 106
Farmers’ Alliances, 86
Fertilization, 95
Fishlow, Albert, 34–36
Fite, Gilbert C., 3
Fogel, Robert William, 98–99
Garland, Hamlin, 79
Gates, Paul Wallace, 90
Georgia, 95
Gold, 20–21
Government: land policy of, 90; public health investments of, 68–69, 71–72; see also Private property rights and Law
Green, Constance McLaughlin, 4
Greenback Labor Party, 20
Griliches, Zvi, 25
Gross national product, 18–21; see also Economic growth
Gwartney, James D., 121
Handlin, Oscar, 115
Hartford, 75
Hatch Act, 103
Hayami, Yujiro, 95
Health: a form of capital, 36–39; in cities, 67–72; investments in improving, 58–39, 68, 71–72; returns to investment in, 38–39, 71–72
Hiestand, Dale L., 120
Higgs, Robert, 4, 64–65, 74–75, 87–88, 116
History and theory, 6–7
Holmes, George K., 79
Homestead system, 90–93
Howells, William Dean, 58
Hoyt, Homer, 67
Hurst, Willard, 56–57
Immigrants, 22–24, 114–119, 123
Income: distribution of, 17, 123–125; farmers’ relative, 100–101; regional differences in, 107–114; see also Gross national product and Economic growth
Indianapolis, 64
Industrial Revolution, 48; see also Transformation
Information: business supplying, 10–11, 43, 97; costs of, 51, 73–74; dissemination of, 72, 105–106; economics of, 9–11; investment and, 12; search for in agriculture, 94; summarized by relative prices, 8–9; telegraph and telephone and, 45
Innovation, 43; see also Invention
Institutions, and economic growth, 57; see also Private property rights and Law
Interest rates, 96–99
Invention: economics of, 13–14; important examples of, 43–47; income distribution and, 124; natural resource endowment and, 32; urbanization and, 72–76; of water filters, 70
Investment; economic growth and, 11–15; in human capital, 14–15, 34–39, 109–110; information and, 12; in material capital, 25–34, 81, 111–112; interdependences among different kinds of, 12, 35, 68–69
Jefferson, Thomas, 26
Jorgenson, Dale, 25
Kansas, 25, 32, 82, 89, 97, 98
Kendrick, John W., 80, 81, 127
Kent, James, 55
Kentucky, 109
Klein, Judith L. V., 44
Koch, Robert, 38
Koopmans, Tjalling C., 60
Labor force: growth of, 21, 24, 81; sectoral distribution of, 48
Land: agricultural inputs of, 80; diminishing returns and, 26, 32; improved, 32; value of, 66–67, 100–101;see also Territory
Law: of contracts, 53–54, 56–57, 125; of incorporation, 40; of property, 50–57, 125; writers on, 54–55
Lawrence, 70
Learning from experience, 12, 102–106, 112, 118–119
Lebergott, Stanley, 21, 35, 38, 48, 124
Lerner, Eugene, 81–82
Limited liability, 39–40
Lipsey, Richard G., 8
Literacy: of whites, 34; of blacks, 34, 122; of immigrants, 116–119
Los Angeles, 66
Machine tools: productivity of, 47; technological progress and, 42
Machlup, Fritz, 14
Madison, James, 52–53
Manufacturing: concentration in large cities, 65; growth of, 47–49; technological progress in, 46–47
Markets: growth of, 14–15, 24, 40, 51, 56; organization of, 7–9
Massachusetts, 39
Meeker, Edward F., 72
Mencken, H. L., 65
Merger movement, 41–42
Meriden, 75
Mexican Cession, 25
Miasmatic contagion, 37–38
Middle town, 75
Migration, interregional, 49, 111–112, 120, 123–124
Milling industry, 46
Mills, Edwin S., 60
Minneapolis, 65
Missouri, 89
Money stock, 20–21
Morrill Act, 103
Mortgages, farm real estate, 96–99
National Banking Act, 114
New Britain, 75
New Hampshire, 40
New Haven, 75
New London, 75
New York, 40
New York City, 37–38, 58–59, 65, 69
North, Douglass C., 52
North Carolina, 107
Norwalk, 75
Norwich, 75
Nott, Charles C., 4
Nugent, Walter T. K., 99
Oats, 80
Okun, Bernard, 22
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 58
Opportunity cost, 8, 13, 22, 35, 92
Oregon, 25
Parsons, Theophilus, 54
Partnerships, 39
Pasteur, Louis, 38
Patents; Commissioner of, 12, 14; Constitutional provision for, 53; granted to urban people, 74–75; law of, 54; private property in ideas and, 13–14
Patrons of Husbandry, see Grangers
Paullin, C. O., 27–31
People’s Party, see Populists
Pittsburgh, 65
Popper, Karl R., 7
Population: growth of, 21–24, 51; regional distribution of, 27–31, 49
Prices, relative, 8–9, 87–90, 99–101
Printing and publishing industry, 65–66
Private property rights: development of, 52–57; distribution of income and, 125; economic growth and, 51, 56–57; emancipation and, 113–114; in ideas, 14; insecure for blacks, 121; market system and, 8
Productivity: growth of, 16, 24–49, 81, 100, 126–127; problems of measuring, 24–25, 126–127; regional differences in, 85–86, 107–114
Proprietorships, 39–40
Railroads: freight rates of, 87–90; mileage of, 34; water transportation and, 43–44
Refrigeration, 46
Regional differences: in agriculture, 81–86; in economic growth, 4, 107–114; in population, 49; in urbanization, 62–63
Rental arrangements in agriculture, 94–95
Rents of urban land, 66
Resource endowment: changes in, 16; natural, 32; regional income differences and, 110–112; technological ingenuity and, 32
Ricardo, David, 26
Riis, Jacob, 115
Risk: agricultural experimentation and, 104; interest rates and, 97; investment and, 24, 52, 124; migration and, 2; rental arrangements and, 94; speculation and, 91
Rubin, Ernest, 23
Rutner, Jack, 98–99
Ruttan, V. W., 95
Sacramento, 64
St. Louis, 66
Sandburg, Carl, 65
San Francisco, 66
Scale, economies of, 41–42, 60, 64
Schwartz, Anna J., 20
Sewing machine, 46
Shannon, Fred A., 95
Sharecropping, 93–96
Shaw, Lemuel, 54
Shays’ Rebellion, 52
Silver, 20–21
Simonds, W. E., 14
Sinclair, Upton, 41
Solmon, Lewis C., 110
South, economic development of, 81–82, 108–114
South Africa, 21
Specialization: among regions in agriculture, 82; city size and, 66; economic growth and, 11; in meat–packing industry, 41; in textile industry, 42; population growth and, 24; promoted by Constitution, 53
Spokane, 64
Stamford, 75
Stare decisis, legal doctrine of, 54
Steamboat, 43–44
Steel industry: growth of, 2–3, 16, 46; technological progress in, 46–47
Steiner, Peter O., 8
Story, Joseph, 55
Sylla, Richard, 114
Technological progress: disembodied, 45, 81; economics of, 12–14; embodied in capital goods, 43, 45, 106; important examples of, 43–47; natural resource endowment and, 32; urbanization and, 72–76; see also Productivity, growth of, and Invention
Telegraph, 45
Telephone, 45
Temin, Peter, 46
Tenure, agricultural land, 93–96
Territory, expansion of, 25–32
Textile industry, 42
Theory and history, 6–7
Towboat–barge system, 44
Transaction costs: decline in, 42–43, 45; transfer of land titles and, 92
Transformation: agricultural, 79–106; economics of, 15–17; main patterns of, 47–49; urban, 58–67
Troy, 70
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 26
Twain, Mark, 43–44
United States Department of Agriculture, 103–105
United States Immigration Commission, 117–118, 121–122
Urbanization: an aspect of transformation, 58–67; decling birth rate and, 22; economic growth and, 59, 75–76; health and, 67–72; invention and, 72–76; investment in material capital and, 33; problems of, 76–78
Usury laws, 98
Vermont, 4
Washington, D. C., 59
Waterbury, 75
Water town, 70
Watkins, J. B., 98
Wealth, redistribution of, 16–17, 92–93, 124–125
Welch, Rodney, 4
Welfare: economic growth and, 17, 123–125; health and, 39; urbanization and, 76–78
Wells, David A., 17, 45, 107, 124
Western Union, 45
West Virginia, 109
Wichita, 4
Wilson, Harold Fisher, 4
Woodward, C. Vann, 112
Wrigley, E. A., 22
Yukon, 21
The Transformation of the American Economy, 1865-1914
Read the whole book online · Book details
This work is published under a Creative Commons licence. You may copy, share, and re-host it with attribution.