3. The Male Chauvinist Pig

0:00Chapter 3. The Male Chauvinist Pig The women's liberation movement is an amalgam of different programs and composed of diverse groups with differing aims. The discriminating intellect may accept some of the aims, purposes, motivations and programs of women's liberation and reject others. It would be folly to treat as equivalent a host of different values and attitudes merely because they have been packaged together. The views of the women's liberation movement can be divided into four major categories, each of which requires a different approach. Coercive Actions Taken Against Women Apart from murder, the most brutal coercive action taken against women is rape.

0:52Yet, in this male-dominated society, rape is not always illegal. It is not illegal when perpetrated upon a woman by her husband. And although rape is illegal when it occurs outside the sanctity of marriage, the way in which it is treated by the law leaves much to be desired. For one thing, if there was any previous acquaintanceship between the rapist and his victim, the court presumes that there was no rape. For another, in order to prove rape, it was necessary in many states until recently that there be a witness to the crime. Furthermore, if friends of the rapist swore they had sexual intercourse with the victim, she could be characterized as immoral, and it becomes virtually impossible to obtain a conviction. If the victim is a For a prostitute, it is equally impossible to obtain a conviction.

1:50The reasoning behind the legal inability for a prostitute to be raped is the ludicrous view that it is impossible to compel a person to do that, which she does willingly at other times. One of the most attractive aspects of the women's liberation movement is its support for greater penalties for rape, plus restitution to the victim. Previously, people who occupied a comparable position on the political spectrum, as do most of today's feminists, for example, liberals and leftists, urged lighter sentences for rapists and general mollycoddling of criminals. In their view, all crime, rape included, was caused mainly by poverty, family breakdown, lack of recreational facilities, etc.

2:41and their solution followed directly from this insight. More welfare, more parks and playgrounds for the underprivileged, counseling, therapy, etc. In contrast, the feminist's insistence on stiffer jail sentences for rapists and worse comes like a breath of fresh air. Although rape is the most striking instance in which the government acquiesces in coercive actions against women, against Women, there are others. Consider what is implied by the laws against prostitution. These laws prohibit trade between mutually consenting adults. They are harmful to women in that they prevent them from earning an honest living.

3:27If their anti-woman bias is not clear enough, consider the fact that although the transaction is just as illegal for the customer as for the seller, the male customer is almost never or arrested when the female seller is. Abortion is another case in point. Although inroads have finally been made, abortion is limited by obstructive rules. Both outright prohibition of abortion and abortion under present controls deny the great moral principle of self-ownership. Thus they are throwbacks to slavery, a situation essentially defined by the barriers put up Between People and Their Right of Self-Ownership If a woman owns her body, then she owns her womb, and she alone has the complete and sole right to determine whether to have a child or not.

4:22The ways in which the government supports or is itself actively involved in coercing women are manifold. Until very recently, for example, women did not have the same rights as men to own property or to engage in contracts. There are still laws on the books that prevent married women, but not married men, from selling property or engaging in business without the permission of their spouses. There are stiffer entrance requirements for women than men at some state universities. The infamous tracking system in our public schools shunts young It is important to realize that these problems all have two things in common.

5:18They are instances of aggressive force used against women, and they are all inextricably bound up with the apparatus of the State. Although not widely appreciated, this is no more true of rape and prostitution than of the other actions and activities described. For what does it mean to say that women do not have the right to abort, to own property, or to set up businesses, except that women who engage in these activities will be stopped by state compulsion, fines, or jail sentences? Clearly, both the government as well as individuals can discriminate. But only state and not private discrimination violate the rights of women.

6:06When a private individual discriminates, he or she does so with his or her own resources, in his or her own name. But when the state discriminates, it does so with resources taken from its citizenry and in the name of all of its subjects. This is a crucial difference. If a private enterprise such as a movie discriminates, it runs the risk of losing money and possible bankruptcy. People opposing the discrimination may withhold funds or not patronize the institution. However, when the state discriminates, these people do not have this option and there is no risk of bankruptcy. Even when people oppose discrimination in a state institution from which they can withhold funds, students can, for example, at a state university, the state has other alternatives, it can make up for the dwindling funds from tax revenues, and these must be paid under threat of compulsion.

7:12Even the pinches that women are subject to are inextricably bound up with the state apparatus. Contrast what happens when sexual harassment takes place within the confines of a private place, a department store, and when it takes place outside, on a street one block away from the store. When a woman is molested within the confines of a private place, the whole force of the profit and loss free enterprise system comes to bear on the problem. It is in the entrepreneur's self-interest to apprehend and discourage offensive actions. If he does not, he will lose customers. There is, in effect, competition between store owners to provide safe and comfortable environments for customers.

8:04The ones who succeed to the greatest degree in their anti-pinching drive will tend to reap the greatest profits. The ones who fail, whether because they ignore the issue or are unsuccessful in implementing their programs, will tend to incur the greatest losses. This of course is not a guarantee that pinching and other offensive behavior will cease. It will always occur, as long as people remain imperfectly moral. But this system does encourage by profits and losses those who are most able to control Contrasted with what occurs in the public domain, however, the private system begins to look like perfection itself.

8:51In the public domain, there is almost no incentive to deal with the problem. There is no one who automatically loses anything when a woman is pinched or otherwise harassed. The city police are supposedly charged with the responsibility, but they function without Non-coercive actions taken against women Many actions taken against women are not, strictly speaking, coercive.

9:43For example, whistling, leering, derision, innuendo, unwelcome flirtation, etc. Of course, it is often difficult to tell beforehand whether a flirtatious remark will be welcome or not. Consider the sexual come-ons which continually occur between men and women. Although to many people, and especially those in the women's movement, there is no real difference between this type of behavior and coercive acts, the distinction is crucial. Both may be objectionable to many women, but one is a physically invasive act, the other is not. There are many other kinds of actions which fall into the same category.

10:29Examples include the use of sexual vulgarisms, broad or piece of ass, the advocacy of double standard mores, certain rules of etiquette, the encouragement of the mental capacity of boys and not of girls, the societal opprobrium of women who participate in male athletic activities, sexist advertising and the pedestals that women are placed upon. There are two important points to be made with regard to these and other attitudes and behavior which may be offensive, but not coercive. The first is that such non-coercive actions cannot legitimately be outlawed. Any attempt to do so would involve the mass violation of the rights of other individuals.

11:18Freedom of speech means that people have the right to say whatever they like, even to make Possibly Reprehensible and Boorish Statements. The second point is more complicated, and by no means obvious. To a considerable extent, these reprehensible but non-coercive actions are themselves fostered and encouraged by coercive statist activities, which operate behind the scenes. For example, the widespread incidence of government ownership and management of land, parks, sidewalks, walks, roads, businesses, etc. These coercive activities based on illegitimate compulsory taxation can be legitimately criticized. If they were eliminated, the unsavory but legal behavior they support would diminish with the aid of the free market.

12:15Consider as an example the case in which a male boss harasses a female secretary in an in an objectionable but non-coercive manner. We shall compare the situation when such activity takes place on public and private property. To analyze this, we must understand what the labor economist calls compensating differentials. A compensating differential is the amount of money just necessary to compensate an employee for the psychic losses that go with the job. For instance, suppose there are two job opportunities. One is in an air-conditioned office with a good view, pleasant surroundings and pleasant co-workers. The other is in a damp basement surrounded by hostile fellow workers. However, there is usually some wage differential large enough to attract an individual to the less pleasant job. The exact amount of the differential All varies for different people, but it exists.

13:22Just as a compensating differential must be paid to hire employees to work in damp basements, so it must be paid to female workers in offices where they are subject to sexual harassment. This increase in wages comes out of the boss's pocket if he is a private businessman. Thus he has a strong monetary incentive to control his behavior and the behavior of those who work for him. But the increase in wages is not paid by the boss of a government or government-supported enterprise. It is paid by the taxpayer's money, which is not paid upon the deliverance of satisfactory services, but is collected by coercion. Thus, the boss has less reason to exercise control.

14:12It is clear that this type of sexual harassment, in itself offensive but not coercive, is made possible by the coercive actions of the government in its role as tax collector. If taxes were paid voluntarily, the boss, even in a government office, would be subject to meaningful control. He would stand to lose money if his behavior offended his employees, but because he is supported by money from coercive taxation, his employees are at his mercy. In like manner, contrast the situation where a group of men whistle, jeer and make disparaging and insulting remarks to and about women passers-by.

14:58One group does this on a publicly owned sidewalk or street, the other in a privately owned place, such as a restaurant or shopping mall. Now under which condition is this legal but reprehensible behavior more likely to be ended? In the public sector, it is in no business person's financial interest to end the harassment. Since by assumption this behavior is legal, the public police forces cannot do anything to stop it either. But in the realm of private enterprise, every entrepreneur who hopes to employ or sell to women, or to men who object to this maltreatment of women, has a strong pecuniary incentive to end it.

15:47This is why it is no accident that such harassment almost always takes place on public sidewalks The Male Chauvinist Pig as Hero

16:23Laws Compelling Equal Wages for Equal Work The question is, of course, how to define equal work. If equal work is taken literally, it embraces all aspects of the employee's productivity in the short run as well as in the long run, including psychic differentials, the discrimination and the ability of the employee to mesh with the likes, dislikes and idiosyncrasies of the entrepreneur. In short, all these components must be weighted if equal work is exactly the same as equal profitability for the entrepreneur.

17:12Only then in the free market, workers with such equal abilities will tend to earn equal wages. If, for instance, women were paid less than men even though they were equally good workers in this sense, forces would be set up which, when carried to their conclusion, would ensure equal pay. How? The employer would be able to make more money by replacing male workers with female workers. The demand for male workers would decrease, thus lowering male wages, and the demand for for Female Workers would increase, raising female wages. Every employer who substituted a woman for a man would have a competitive advantage over the one who refused to do so.

18:03The profit-maximizing employers would continually earn greater profits than would the discriminatory employers. The profit-maximizers would be able to undersell the discriminators and, other things being In actual point of fact, however, the proponents of equal wages for equal work do not have this strict type of equality in mind. Their definition of equality is equal years of schooling, equivalent skills, equivalent college degrees, and perhaps similar scores in qualification tests. However, individuals who are virtually identical with respect to such criteria can have vastly different abilities to earn profits for employers.

18:56For example, consider two workers, one male, one female, identical as far as test scores and college degrees are concerned. It is an indisputable fact that in the event of a pregnancy, it is far more likely for for the woman to stay home and raise the child. Consideration of whether this custom is fair or not is not relevant. What is pertinent is whether it is factual or not. If the woman stays at home, interrupting a career or employment, she will be worth less to the employer. In this case, although the male and female candidates for the job might be identically Paradoxically, many pieces of evidence which indicate that men and women are not equally productive come from the women's liberation movement itself.

19:59There are several studies in which women and men were first tested as groups in isolation in Competition with One Another. In some cases, when the groups were tested in isolation, the women showed clearly that they had higher innate abilities than the men. Yet, when the two groups were tested in competition, the men invariably scored better than the women. Again, it should be emphasized that the concern here is not with the fairness of such occurrences, with the Effects. The point is that in the world of work, women will often find themselves in competition with men. If they constantly defer to men and cannot do their best in competition with men, they are in fact of less help in procuring profits for the entrepreneur.

20:56If women are equal to men in test scores and are inferior to them when it comes to profit maximizing, then the equal pay for equal work law will prove disastrous for women. It will be calamitous because the profit maximizing incentives will be turned around. Instead of the market exerting a strong steady push toward firing men and hiring women, employers will be motivated to fire women and hire men in their place. If he is forced to pay men and women the same wages, even though they are not equally productive, profits will be increased to the degree that male workers replace females.

21:42Employers who are inclined to take the feminist view and insist on keeping woman workers will have decreased profits and lose their share of the market. The employers who prosper will be those who do not hire women. It should be stressed that the tendency for women who are truly equal to men in productivity to receive equal wages exists only in the profit and loss free market. Only in free enterprise are there financial incentives to hire highly productive underpriced women to take advantage of their plight and thus to raise their wages. In the government and nonprofit sectors, these profit incentives are, by definition, absent.

22:32It is hardly an accident, then, that virtually all real abuses of women in this respect take place in government and nonprofit areas such as schools, universities, libraries, foundations, social work and public services. There are few allegations of underpayment to women in private enterprise fields, such as computers, advertising or the media. Laws Compelling Non-Discrimination McSorley's is a bar in New York City that catered exclusively to men until it was liberated. Under the banner of the new anti-discrimination law in New York State, women were served for the first time in the history of the establishment.

23:21This was hailed as a great progressive step forward by liberal, progressive and women's liberation factions. The basic philosophy behind the law and the attendant liberation of McSorley's seems to be that it is illegitimate to discriminate between potential customers on the basis of sex. If the problems with this philosophy are not readily apparent, they can be made so by considering several reducciones ad absurdum. If the philosophy were strictly adhered to, for example, would not separate bathrooms for men at public places be considered discriminatory? And separate residence halls for men? What about male homosexuals?

24:07They could be accused of discrimination against women. And aren't the women who marry men discriminating against other women? These examples, of course, are ridiculous, but they are consistent with the philosophy of anti-discrimination. If they are ridiculous, it is because that philosophy is ridiculous. It is important to realize that all human actions imply discrimination in the only sensible The definition of that much abused term, picking and choosing from available alternatives, the one which best serves his or her interests. There is no action taken by human beings which fails to accord with this dictum.

24:53We discriminate when we choose a toothpaste, decide upon a means of transportation, whom to marry. The discrimination practiced by the gourmet or wine taster is and can only be the discrimination practiced by all human beings. Any attack upon discrimination, therefore, is an attempt to restrict the options open to all individuals. But what of the women's option to drink at McSorley's? Was their right to choose being violated? No. What they experienced was what a man experiences when a woman rejects his sexual advances. The woman who refuses to date a man is not guilty of violating his rights, for his rights do not include a relationship with her.

25:44That exists as a possibility, but not a right, unless she is his slave. In the same way, a man who wishes to drink in the company of other men is not guilty of violating women's rights. For women's rights do not include drinking with people who do not wish to drink with them. It is only in a slave society that this is not so. It is only in a slave society that the master can compel the slave to do his bidding. If the anti-discriminatory forces succeed in forcing their philosophy on the general public, they will also succeed in forcing on the public the cloven hoof of slavery. To the extent that the male chauvinist pig succeeds in resisting these trends, he must be looked upon as a hero.