Index

(Prepared by Marilyn Tenney)

AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Act

Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings (Basler), 203n, 204n, 220n, 228n

“Acquitting Judge, The” (Williams) in For A New America: Essays in History and Politics from Studies on the Left, 1959–1967 (Weinstein and Eakins, eds.), 324n, 328n

Ackley Gardner, 598

Activism, presidential scholars’ bias toward, 3

Acton, Lord John, xviii, xviiin, 280, 670n

“History of Freedom in Christianity, The” in Essays in the History of Liberty (Fears, ed.), 670n

letter to Robert E. Lee, 281

Adams, Brooks, 324

The Law of Civilization and Decay, 341

Adams, Charles

For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization, 236n

Those Dirty Rotten Taxes: The Tax Revolts that Built America, 236n, 252n, 253n, 254n

When In The Course of Human Events: Arguing the Case for Southern Secession, 236n

Adams, Henry, 92

Education of Henry Adams, The, 321n, 342n

History of Jefferson’s Second Administration, 91n

History of the United States of America During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 59n, 60n, 62n, 67n, 68n, 70n, 72n, 74n, 76n, 78n, 90n, 92n, 94n, 97n, 98n, 101n

Adams, John, 148ff, 153ff, 165, 172, 198

ranking by presidential scholars, 14

Adams, John Quincy

elected sixth president, 151

Federalist Party member, 148

on Louisiana Purchase, 62

Memoirs, 62n

ranking by presidential scholars, 7ff.

supported internal improvements, 157

Admiralty courts, created by Britain, 308

Affirmative action, 655–60, 688

applied to higher education, 657

enforcement under Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, 656

goals and timetables for, 656

irony of, 659n

medical care pattern changed by, 658

quotas for women begun, 657

as social engineering, 655

under Lyndon Johnson, 656

Affirmative Action Fraud, The (Bolick), 35n, 656n

Age of Jackson, The (Schlesinger), 149n, 155n, 156n, 157n, 164n, 170n, 181n, 185n

Age of Reform, 707

Agricultural Adjustment Act, 430, 434

continued as soil conservation program, 439

created Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 192, 434

Agriculture, U.S. Department of (USDA), created, 226

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 394

head of Philippine rebels, 355

Albany Argus, 183

Albert Gallatin: Fiscal Theories and Policies (Balinky), 50n, 52n

Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Fisher), 668n, 689n

Alderman, E.A.

Wilson praised by, 413–14

Woodrow Wilson: Memorial Address, 413n, 414n

Alien and Sedition Acts, 645

Allied Reparations Committee, 476

Alperovitz, Gar

Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth, The, 578n, 580n, 583n

Altgeld, Governor, xxi

Ambrose, Stephen E., Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938, 549n, 550n, 551n, 568n

Ambrosius, Lloyd, 419

Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism during World War I, 419n, 420n

Amendments, Constitutional

Ninth, xiii, xxxiv

Tenth, xiii, xxxiv, 132n, 140

Twelfth, 144, 150

Thirteenth, xvii

proposed, 242

ratified, 297

Fourteenth, 122, 128, 309, 310–12

Seventeenth, 142

America, 527n

America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1990 (LaFeber), 549n, 552n, 560n, 562n

American, 531

American Bastile: A History of the Illegal Arrests and Imprisonment of American Citizens in the Northern and Border States, on Account of Their Political Opinions, During the Late Civil War (Marshall), 284n, 712n

American Daily Advertiser, The, 43

American Economic Association (A.E.A.), 407

American Economic Review, 187n, 438, 438n

American fascism. See Fascism American federalism. See Federalism

American Fiscal Policy: Experiment for Prosperity (Thurow, ed.), 602n, 603n, 604n

“American Free Banking Before the Civil War: A Reexamination” (Rockoff) in Journal of Economic History 32, 187n

American Heresy, The (Hollis), xivn, xvi–iin

American Presidency: An Intellectual History, The (McDonald), ix, ixn, 144n, 147n, 149n, 283n, 352n, 355n, 358n

American Presidency, The (Rossiter), 342n, 641n, 649n

American Republic

creation of, xxx

destroyed by civil war, 288

“American Republic or American Empire” (Morley) in Modern Age 1, 361n

American Revolution, 138

consequences of, 110

foundation for, 139

necessity of, xxxiv

not result of will of majority, 692

possibility of a second, 667

second source of American national pride, 669–71

Washington viewed as hero of, 33

“American Revolution and the Minority Myth, The” (Marina) in Modern Age, 395n-96n

American Soldier, The (Stauffer et al.), 653, 653n

American Whigs. See Whig Party Americans with Disabilities Act, 11, 382

America’s Emerging Fascist Economy (Twight), 439, 439n, 592n

America’s Great Depression (Rothbard), 10n, 18n, 425

America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1976 (Herring), 554n, 562n

America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Smith), 424, 424n

America’s Search for Economic Stability: Monetary and Fiscal Policy Since 1913 (Weiher), 614n, 615n, 626n, 631n

America’s Ten Greatest Presidents (Borden, ed.), 172, 172n

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (Beard), 37

An Economic Theory of Democracy (Downs), 161n

And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861, (Stampp), 236n, 262n, 274n

Anderson, Donald F., William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency, 389n, 390n, 398n

Anderson, Major Robert, 238, 245ff., 261ff.

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy (Remini), 180n, 213n, 214n

Andrew Jackson (Sumner), 158n, 159n, 163n

Angle, Paul M., ed., The Lincoln Reader, 206n, 209n, 211n

Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden, The (Quigley), 463n, 474n, 479n, 489n

Anglo-American Establishment, 456, 460, 472

control of Roosevelt by, 522, 524

funded by Cecil Rhodes, 463

League of Nations founded by, 464

Royal Institute of International Affairs founded by, 464

story told by Professor Carroll Quigley, 462

view about Pearl Harbor attack, 512

Anscombe, G.E.M., “Mr. Truman’s Degree” in Collected Philosophical Papers, vol. 3, Ethics, Religion and Politics (Fussell), 581n, 582n

Anti-Federalists, xxxiv, 105

Antitrust, 263–83

laws, 9, 349, 363

debates about, 367–69

lax enforcement of, 378

origins of, 366

as political reaction, 368

suspension of during war, 365

Taft and, 404

use and abuse of, 363

Wilson gave exemptions to, 377

suits, 381–83

linked to antibusiness initiatives, 369

to cover up policy failures, 364

suits against

Armour and Swift, 363

AT&T, 382

DuPont, 382

IBM, 381

Intel, 382

Major cereal companies, 381

Microsoft, 382

Standard Oil, 363

U.S. Steel, 364

Appalachian Coals decision, 371

Armentano, Dominick T., 351

Antitrust and Monopoly: Anatomy of a Policy Failure, 350n, 351n

Armistice, signing of, 474

Arnold, Thurman, 369, 380

Aroostook War, 175

Arrow, Kenneth, 598

Arthur, Chester A., 201

Articles of Confederation, 110, 115, 140

allowed less centralized government than Constitution, 35

convention to revise supported by Washington, 34

water rights fees under, 36

As He Saw It (Roosevelt), 529n, 532n, 534n, 535n

As We Go Marching (Flynn), 529n, 592, 592n, 593n

Atheism, Soviet, 531

Atlantic Conference, 492, 528

Atlantic Charter, 532–34

released Atlantic Charter, 492

secret plans from, revealed, 493

Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 577–86

Austrian scholars, 3

Austrian trade-cycle theory, 179n, 523

Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt, The (Roosevelt), 346n, 350n

Babcock, Orville, 225

Bacon, Augustus, 357

Bailey, Thomas A., 454, 455n

Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present, 172n, 455n

Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, 139n, 671n

Balanced budget, 604–05

Balfour Declaration, created State of Israel, 465

Balinky, Alexander, Albert Gallatin: Fiscal Theories and Policies, 50n, 52n

Bank notes, elimination contemplated, 156

Bank and state, separation of, 180, 182f. 185

Bank of the United States. See Central Bank Bank War, 177, 184

Bankers’ interests, 348

Banking, 186

free, 186f.

supporters of unregulated, 181

unrestricted competition proposed for, 178

Bankruptcy law

proposed, 188, 193

repealed by Whigs in 1843, 193

Banks

required to purchase state bonds, 186

wildcat, exaggerated, 186

Banning, Lance, 37

The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic, 38n, 40, 40n

Barbary

pirates, xxviii, 51

demanded tribute for U.S. protection, 54

wars, xxix, 172n

Bargaining, individual, replaced by collective bargaining, 442

Barlow, Joel, letter from Jefferson, 81

Barnes, Harry Elmer, “Revisionism and the Historical Blackout” in Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and its Aftermath (Barnes, ed.), 457n, 525n

Bartlett, Bruce R., Cover-Up: The Politics of Pearl Harbor, 1941–1946, 455n, 491n, 497n, 500n, 501n, 502n, 508n

Basler, Roy

Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 203n, 204n, 221n, 228n

(ed.), The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 228n, 256n

BATF, xiii

Battle against Unemployment, The (Samuelson and Solow), 603n, 604n

Baxter, Maurice, 214

Beach, Edward L., Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor, 491n, 494n, 501n, 502n, 506n, 507n, 508n, 511n, 515n

Beale, Howard K.

Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, The, 294n, 300n, 302n, 304n, 305n, 311n, 314n, 318n

Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, 256n, 299n

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power, 353n

Beard, Charles, 524

America in Midpassage, 436n

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, 37

Giddy Minds and Foreign Quarrels, 333n

President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study in Appearances and Realities, 566n

Belknap, W.W., 225

Bell, J. Franklin, campaign of, 355

Benevolent Assimilation: American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, (Miller), 331n, 356n, 357n

Bensel, Richard, Yankee Leviathan, 217

Benton, Thomas Hart

advocated divorce of government from banking, 177, 179

Thirty Years’ View: Or a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, From 1820 to 1850, 180n

Berlin crisis, 618

surchage, 619

Bernstein, Barton J., 579n, 581n, 584n

Berry, Thomas Senior, 4

Production and Population Since 1789: Revised GNP Series in Constant Dollars, 4n, 191n

Bethell, Nicolas, 454, 577

Bicameralism, 142n

Bidwell, Barnabas, letter from Jefferson in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 54n, 79n

Bill of Rights, xiv, xvi, 140

Roosevelt’s speech commemorating, 534

Bills-only doctrine, 630

Bimetallism, 327

Bismarck, 285

compared to Lincoln, 282–88

Ems dispatch from, 286

Black codes, 300

historical myths of, 301–02

Black suffrage, 312, 315

Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 74

Blair, Montgomery, 246

Blessing, Tim H. and Robert K. Murray

Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, Washington Through Carter, 5n

Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents from George Washington through Ronald Reagan, 172n

“Presidential Performance Study: A Progress Report, The,” 231n

Blum, John Morton, The Republican Roosevelt, 344n, 352n

Bolick, Clint, The Affirmative Action Fraud, 35n, 656n

Bolling, John Randolph, ed., The Chronology of Woodrow Wilson, 422n, 423n

Boorstin, Daniel

Genius of American Politics, The, 705, 705n

Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America, The, 705n

Borden, Morton, ed.

America’s Eleven Greatest Presidents, 172

America’s Ten Greatest Presidents, 172

Boritt, Gabor S., 278

(ed.), Lincoln the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, 274–75n, 282n

“War Opponent and War President” in Lincoln The War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, 278n, 279n

Boston Transcript, 254

Bourne, Randolph, 420

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros

U.N. General Secretary, 127, 128n

Bradford, M. E.

“Lincoln, the Declaration, and Secular Puritanism: A Rhetoric for Continuing Revolution,” 416n

Original Intentions: On the Making and Ratification of the United States Constitution, 643n

“Samuel Chase: Maryland Vesuvius” in Against the Barbarians and Other Reflections on Familiar Themes, 76n

Worthy Company: Brief Lives of the Framers of the United States Constitution, A, 643n

Brains Trust, 446

Bricker, John, 134n

Bricker Amendment, 360

Bricker Amendment Controversy: A Test of Eisenhower’s Political Leadership, The (Tananbaum), 134–35n, 360n

British Empire, foreign policy of, 464

British Whigs, 211

Broad Construction, 61

evils of, 62

Brookhiser, Richard, Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington, 36n, 37n, 39n

Brown, Everett S., Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase, 59n, 60n, 62n

Brown, Richard H., “The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism” in South Atlantic Quarterly, 65, 196n

Browning, Orville H., diary entries about Fort Sumter, 276–77

Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 128n, 129

Brownson, Orestes

“Liberalism and Progress” in Brownson’s Quarterly Review, reprinted in Orestes Brownson: Selected Political Essays, 293n

supported Northern war effort, 292

“The Democratic Principle” in Brownson’s Quarterly Review, reprinted in Orestes Brownson: Selected Political Essays, 293n

Bryan, William Jennings, xxii, 327, 373

refused to vote for McKinley, xxii

Buchanan, James, 201, 237ff.

favored paper money, 181

signed Morrill Tariff, 242

Buchanan, James M., 181n, 237

Freedom in Constitutional Contract, 682n

Limits of Liberty, The, 682n

Buchanan, Pat, A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny, 454n, 550n

Budget deficits, 608

how to finance, 609

Budgetary data

available since Washington, 2

government, 2

Buffalo Daily Courier, 266

Bullitt, William C. and Sigmund Freud, Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study, 470n, 476n, 490n

Bullock, Alan

Hitler, A Study in Tyranny, 478n

Hitler and Stalin, 544n

Bureau of Corporations, 374

Bureau of Insular Affairs (B.I.A.), 394

Bureaucracy (Mises), 32n

Burke, Thomas, critic of Articles of Confederation, 35

Burns, James MacGregor, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 440n, 529n, 530n, 531n, 641n

Burr, Aaron, 200

Bush, George H.W., 382, 704–05

Business cartels, 192

Cairo Conference, 536

Calculus of Consent, The (Buchanan and Tullock), 142n, 682n

Calhoun, John C., 170, 171, 173, 179, 180, 235, 344, 704

“Discourse On The Constitution of The United States”, 108n

Disquisition on Government, A, 678n

“Disquisition On Government and Discourse On The Constitution of the United States, The” 107n

“Fort Hill Address, 1831,” 108n

Campagna, Anthony S., U.S. National Economic Policy: 1917–1985, 599n, 618n, 620n, 630n, 633n

“eggheads” defined, 599

Campbell, George W., 75

Canada, war with, a possibility, 174–75

Canterbery, E. Ray, Economics on a New Frontier, 597n, 598n, 617n, 618n, 619n, 621n, 622n, 630n, 633n, 635n, 636n, 639n

Capital investments, reduction of, 428

Capitalism, 524

Capitalist imperialism

justification of, 406

justified by economists, 407

Carey, Henry C., protectionist writer, 207

Carnegie, Andrew, 323

Cartelization of industry during Great Depression, 192

Carter, Jimmy, 4

ranking of, 11ff.

Casablanca, 534–36

Catholic World, The, 585

Cato Journal, 369n

Cato’s Letters. See Trenchard

Catton, Bruce, 249n, 265

“Causes of Free Bank Failures: A Detailed Examination” (Rolnick and Weber) in The Journal of Monetary Economics, 14, 187n

Celler-Kefauver Amendment, 380

Central Bank, 17, 18, 149, 150, 155, 177, 187

creation of money by, 18

divided the political parties, 187

given twenty-year charter, 149

money creation caused boom-and-bust cycle, 214

opposed by Madison and Jefferson, 149

opposed by Vallandigham, 218

opposition to, 150, 217

promised by Lincoln presidency 292

supported by Whig Party, 213, 227

violation of Constitution, 42

Central Intelligence Agency, xiii, 553

Central power, consolidated, 70

Centralism, radical, Washington a follower of, 40

Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order, A (Engdahl), 464n, 466n, 471n, 476n

Century of War: Politics, Conflict, and Society Since 1941 (Kolko), 561n, 566n

Chained-runner analogy, 656, 658

Charmley, John Churchill, 528n, 529n, 540

Chase, Salmon, 130

Chase, Samuel, attempted impeachment of, 75–76

Chase, Stuart, 437

Chattanooga Times, 623

Checks and balances

on states’ sovereignty, xix

to limit scope of government activity, 141

weakened by Supreme Court, xxix

Chew, Robert L., 263–64

Chiang Kai-shek (Tong), 337

Chicago School, 589

Chicago Tribune, 5, 7, 305, 559

Chicago Tribune Magazine, 5n, 172n

Child, Richard Washburn, 437

Chitwood, Oliver Perry, 215

Chronology of Woodrow Wilson, The (Bolling, ed.), 422n, 423n

Churchill (Charmley), 528n, 529n, 540

Churchill, Winston

condemned Korean War, 566n

deal with Stalin, 550

refused to negotiate during war, 481

sinking of Lusitania, 484

secret meeting with Roosevelt, 532–34

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency

Cincinnatus, xxx, 33, 40, 697–710

Civil offices, dangers of excess, 70

Civil rights

agencies dealing with, 660

Congress overrides veto, 310

Fourteenth Amendment incorporated Civil Rights Act, 310–12

legislation, 11

responsibilities under executive branch, 660

Civil Rights Act of 1866

explained, 308–09

unconstitutional, 310

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 660

Civil servants, 162, 164

jobs turned into political patronage awards, 163

Civil War: A Narrative, Fort Sumter to Perryville, The (Foote), 256n, 270n

Civil War: A Narrative, The (Foote), 229

Civil War, 156, 231–88, 292

best example of unification, 285

cause of, xxxi, 233, 234

classical liberalism discarded after, xxiii

debt reduction after, 299

despotism on large scale, 108

destroyed American Republic, 288

dismantling of government apparatus of, 9

editorials about, 267–70

first shot, 232, 237, 265ff.

historical myths of, 300–04

issuance of fiat money, 18

Lincoln’s actions during, xxxiv, 231–88

most casualties of any war, 8

not waged against slavery, xvii, 229

purpose of, 291, 297

ratchet effect from, 27

war powers increased by Lincoln during, xxv

Civilian Conservation Corps, 430, 443

Classical liberalism

abandoned because of World War I, xxxiii

defined, ix–x

distinguished from conservatism, ix

distinguished from modern liberalism, ix

dominant in early Republic, xvii

history and analysis of, xin

ideology, 621

influence on Founding Fathers, xii

principal advocates of, xii

unvanquished ideal, xi

Classical Liberalism: The Unvanquished Ideal (Conway), xi, xin

Clay, Henry, 151, 179, 188, 203, 212, 214, 288

“American System” speech of 1824, 204, 215, 234, 235

Clayton Antitrust Act, 376, 380, 415

Clean Air Act, 382

Cleveland, Grover, xxi, 200, 363–83

as a classical liberal, xviii–xx

loyal to sound political principles, xxii

prevented Spanish-American War, xx, 328, 354

use and abuse of Sherman Antitrust Act by, xxxii

use of federal troops in Pullman strike, xxi

use of presidential power to promote liberty by, xx

vetoed drought relief, xix

Clinton, Bill, 1, 704–05

case against Microsoft, 382–83

Commission on Race under, 665

“Don’t ask, don’t tell policy,” 663

views on homosexuality and the military, 662–64

Code Authority, 431, 436

set minimum prices for goods and services, 431–33

Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991, The (Powaski), 551n, 565n

Cold War

onset of, 548

Roosevelt set stage for, 527

Cole, Donald B.

Martin Van Buren and the American Political System, 171n, 196n

Presidency of Andrew Jackson, The, 157n, 164n

Colfax, Schuler, 225

Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, The (Basler, ed.), 228n, 256n

Collective bargaining, replaced individual bargaining, 442

Coming Fury, The (Catton), 249n

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 74

Commission on Race, 665

Committee of Fifteen, 297, 311

Committee of the Whole, 713

Communist, limited ideology, 621

Community and Power (Nisbet), 669n, 674–675n

Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, A, vol. 2 (Richardson, ed.), 177n, 184n, 195n; vol. 3, 190n; vol. 6, 306n, 313n, 315n

Conciliation Commission, part of the ICCPR, 125

Concurrent review, favors limited government, 65

Concurrent Review Doctrine, 64

Confederate Constitution, 252

outlawed protective tariffs, 221

Confederate government, 245

Confederate Republic, defined, 109

Confederates granted pardon, 296

Congress

can be bypassed by president and Supreme Court, 133

can make social policy, 651

circumvent authority of, 133f.

franking privilege, 198

has power to legislate, 674

impeachment power of, 74–75

legislative branch to be dominant branch of, xxiv

Pearl Harbor findings of, 517

Congressional Globe, 179n, 189n

Congressional Record 78, 441

Conquest, Robert, 521n, 522n, 530n

Conscription, military, 8, 353–54

Conscription Bill, Vallandigham’s speech against, 711–30

Conservatism

Alexander Hamilton, a representative of, xiv

distinguished from classical liberalism, ix

dominant in early Republic, xvii

in favor of larger government, xiii, xviii

see also free enterprise vs. private enterprise

Constitution, (U.S.), xxviii, 66, 66n, 108, 126, 166–67

allows direct representation of states, 109

ambiguity of, 110

an error, 681

Article VI, 122

Articles of Confederation as first, 140

neutrality of, 148, 161

designed for protection of citizens’ rights, xvi, 140

framers’ original ideas of, xxxiii

fugitive slave clause in, 233, 242

gave no authority for internal improvements, 157

gives power of abuse, 678–79n

granted explicitly the power to tax, 673

laid foundation for despotism, 108

more centralized government than Articles of Confederation, 35, 40

not result of will of majority, 692

placed limits on taxing and legislating, xxxiv

purposes of, 138

Rothbard’s analysis of, 679n

supremacy clause in Article VI, 114

third source of national pride, 671

unconstitutional, 681

Constitution of Liberty, The (Hayek), xii, 337n, 441n

Constitutional Convention, xxxiv, 37

to create a stronger federal government, 140

Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase (Brown), 59n, 60n, 62n

Constitutional liberalism, 106

defined, 105

premises of, 107–08

as protection against despotism, 105

Constitutional limits, 314

Constitutional order, 131f.

Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (Randall), 218n, 271n, 275n, 282n

Constitutional Treasury, 185

Consumer Price Index (CPI), 20n

Consumption, discouragement of private, 612–14

Consumption expenditures, personal, 1929–1940, 428

Conway, David

Classical Liberalism: The Unvanquished Ideal, xi, xin, xii, xxiii

Coolidge, Calvin, xxiii, 200, 366, 379

antitrust initiatives, 378–79

Cooper, James Fenimore, 698, 699n

The American Democrat, 698, 699n

Corporate statism, 590–91

Corporate welfare. See Internal improvements

Corwin, Edward S., 342

origins of war powers traced by, xxv

Total War and the Constitution, xxvn, xxvin, 320n

Cost of Living Council, 587

Cost-push, defined, 616

Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, The (Denson, ed.), xviiin, 30n, 34n, 35n, 415n, 455n, 485n, 488n, 525n, 548n, 681n

Couch, Jim F. and William F. Shughart, II, The Political Economy of the New Deal, 446n, 448n

Council of Economic Advisers, 598, 602n

Counterfeiting, 227

Court decisions. See Supreme Court Cover-Up: The Politics of Pearl Harbor, 1941–1946 (Bartlett), 455n, 491n, 497n, 500n, 501n, 502n, 507n

Credit Mobilier

scandal, 224

stock used as bribe, 225

Credit system, 178

Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (Higgs), xxiv, 9n, 35n, 433n, 572n, 680n, 681n

Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction, The (Beale), 294n, 302n, 304n, 305n, 311n, 314n, 318n

Crocker, George N., Roosevelt’s Road to Russia, 521n, 529n, 530n, 531n, 532n, 536n, 538n, 539n, 540n, 541n, 544n

Cuba

acquisition of, 328

and Taft, 401–04

independence, negotiations with Spain regarding, 329

Cumberland Road bill signed by Jefferson, 82

Currency exchange, 405

schemes, 408–10

Currency Resolution of 1816, 182

Curry, Leonard, 223n, 226

Curtis, Benjamin, 111

Curtis, James C., The Fox at Bay: Martin Van Buren and the Presidency, 1837–1841, 171n, 174n, 175n, 197n, 198n

Customs duties, as source of government revenue, 49

Customs House of New York City scandal, 183

Cutthroat competition, 370

Dabney, Robert L., “Memoir of a Narrative Received of Colonel John B. Baldwin of Staunton, Touching the Origin of the War” in Discussions, 258n, 259n, 260n, 261n

Daily Chicago Times, 222

Darrow, Clarence, 212

Davies, Joseph E., Mission to Moscow, 531

Davis, John, upheld constitutionality of embargo, 89

Davis, Jefferson, 238, 341, 262ff.

letter in New York Herald, 262

reasons for order to fire on Fort Sumter, 272–74

Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, The, 263n, 273n, 274n

Davis, Leonard, The Philippines: People, Poverty and Politics, 332n

Davis, William C., A Government of Our Own: The Making of the Confederacy, 245n

Dawson, Christopher, 418, 419n

Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor (Stinnett), 498n, 501n, 503n, 515n

De Jouvenel, Bertrand

On Power: The Natural History of Its Growth, 108n, 669n, 676n

Sovereignty: An Inquiry into the Political Good, 669n, 674n

De Molinari, Gustave, The Production of Security, 672n, 683n

Death by Government (Rummel), 453n, 483n, 521n, 522n

Debt

reduction program after Civil War, 299, 300

repudiation, 209

Debt and Taxes (Makin and Ornstein), 599n, 601n, 61 In, 618n, 619n, 620n

Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel (Wilson), 573n, 574n

Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb, The (Wainstock), 578n, 585n

Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth, The (Alperovitz), 578n, 580n, 582n

Declaration of Independence, 110, llOn, 137, 312, 671

Declaration on Liberated Europe, 541

Defense

budget cuts criticized, 614

made easier by Louisiana Purchase, 58

Defense Department, 553

Deflation, 20, 300

during Hoover era, 21

Degler, Carl N., 282

analysis of unification, 285–86

“United States and National Unification, The” in Lincoln the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures (Borritt, ed.), 282n, 285n, 286n, 287n, 288n

DeLôme affair, 329

Demand pull, defined, 616

Democracy, 137ff., 155, 163

as open political competition, 676

cannot protect liberty or rule of law, 103

danger to liberty, xvi

modern, defined, 137

not divine, xv

protecting, xvi

resulted in increased scope of government, 166

to control federal government, 159

to limit government, 166

universal, desired by Roosevelt, 529

Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes (Buchanan and Wagner), 26n, 609n

Democratic Party, 22, 160ff., 177, 201

formation of, 153

organized to elect Jackson, 153

“Democratic Principle, The,” 293n

Democratic Review, 199

Democratic-Republican Party, 148, 150

Dennett, Tyler, 333n, 335, 337n

Denson, John V, ed., The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, xviiin, 30n, 34n, 35n, 455n, 485n, 488n, 525n, 548n, 681n

Department of Commerce, 4

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 657

Deposit-Distribution Act of 1836, 182, 189–90n

DeRosa, Marshall, xxix, 223n

Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–44 (Mahl), 486n, 488n, 489n, 494n

Despotism, 105n, 134

after World War II, xxxiii

executive, concern of Founding Fathers, 105

foundation laid for, by Constitution, 108

foundation of presidential, 106

secession as defense against, 107

states’ rights as defense against, 107

Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War (Taylor), 295n, 301n, 305n

Dewey, Davis R., Financial History of the United States, 49n, 50n, 51n, 52n

Diamond, Martin, 644

DiLorenzo, Thomas J., xxxi, xxxiii

“Great Centralizer: Abraham Lincoln and the War Between the States, The” in The Independent Review, 230n, 694n

“Origins of the Sherman Act: An Interest-Group Perspective” in International Review of Law and Economics, 368n

“Yankee Confederates: New England Secessionists Movement Prior to the War Between the States” in Secession, State, and Liberty (Gordon, ed.), 236–37n

Diplomatic History, 548n, 551n, 554n, 556n, 557n, 558n, 577n, 579n, 580n

guarantees against, 126

private vs. public, 658–59

Discussions, 258n, 259n

Disraeli, Benjamin, 286–87

Distributional coalitions, 30

Division of Customs and Insular Affairs, 394

Divorce bill. See Bank and state

Doctrine of Strict Construction, 61

Dodge, Grenville

chief engineer of Union Pacific, 224

organized armies against American Indians, 224

Doenecke, Justus D., Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era, 558n, 559n

Dollar Diplomacy, 405

Donald, David Herbert, 205, 219

Lincoln, 204n, 205n, 206n

Lincoln Reconsidered, 219n

Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island, suppression of, 201

Douglas, Stephen, debate with Lincoln, 228

Draft Act, 568

Dred Scott decision, 221

Drinnon, Richard, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building, 331n, 332n, 336n

Dunne, Finley Peter, Mr. Dooley’s Philosophy, 319, 327n, 334n

Dunning, William A., 218

Eakins, David W. and Janies Weinstein, eds., For A New America: Essays in History and Politics from Studies on the Left, 192n, 324n

Eckstein, Otto, 598

Economic Aspects (Gardner), 531n

Economic

centralists, 706

depression, 188

determinism, evidence against, 379

empire strategies, 325

fascism, 435–40, 587

defined, 439, 592

foisted on U.S. society, 639

Kennedy administration’s move toward, 632

new economics a blueprint for, 601–02

Roosevelt’s most enduring legacy, 440

See also Fascism

growth depressed by government spending, 443

ten-year plan for America, 437

Economic planning, egghead’s philosophy of, 599

Economic Report of the President, 4n, 617, 619

Economics of Employment (Lerner), 601n, 624n

Economics of the Kennedy Years and a Look Ahead (Harris), 618n, 620n, 622n, 628n, 631n, 633n

Economics on a New Frontier (Canterbery), 597n, 598n, 617n, 618n, 619n, 621n, 622n, 630n, 633n, 635n, 636n, 639n

Economists of the New Frontier: An Anthology, The (Wilkins and Friday, eds.), 598n, 602n, 612n, 614n

Economy

mismanagement of, by presidents, xxxiv

role of government related to, xi

Education of Henry Adams, The (Adams), 321n, 342n

Egalitarianism, x, xviii

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

deprecation by Rossiter, 649

ranking of, 11

revival of antitrust by, 366

Ekrich, Arthur A., Jr.

Decline of American Liberalism, The, 681n

(ed.), Voices in Dissent: An Anthology of Individualist Thought in the United States, 745n

Election of 1800, 46

Election of president

not intended to be democratic, 145

Electoral college, xxix, 143–46, 702, 707

and American democracy, 164

before Jackson, 151

intended to pick an elite candidate, 146

metamorphosis of, 138, 141

never worked, 164

as restraint on democracy, 137, 143

as search committee, 145, 152

separate balloting for president and vice president in, 150

set aside in favor of popular elections, 146, 161

two-party system a result of demise of, 162

Electors, 148

not bound to specific candidate, 144

not to be elected, 144

as search committee, 152

selection of, 143–47, 152

Elementary and Secondary

Education Act, 660

Elliott, Charles Burke

Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government; A Study in Tropical Democracy, The, 391n, 394n

Philippines: To the End of the Military Regime, with a Prefatory Note by Elihu Root, The, 394n

Ely, John Hart, War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath, 563n, 565n

Emancipation policy to save the union, 228

Emancipation Proclamation

not about freeing slaves, 229

purpose of, 229

Embargo Act, 86–100

“Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War, The” (Gaddis) in Diplomatic History, 548n, 556n

Empire

Austrian interpretation of, 410

building, 392–97

genesis of, under Truman, 548

mythology of, 697

role of bureaucrats in developing, 410

transformation of America to, 710

see also Imperialism

Empire (Vidal), 319

Employment Act, passed, 571

Ems dispatch from Bismarck, 286

“End of the Beginning, The” (Steel) in Diplomatic History, 551n, 558n

“End of Economic Freedom, The” in The Libertarian Forum, 588n, 590n

Enforcement Act. See Embargo Act

Engdahl, F. William, A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order, 464n, 466n, 471n, 476n

Enlightenment, 139

Epstein, Richard, 449, 450n

Espionage and Sedition Act, under Wilson, 415

Essays in Colonial Finance (American Economic Association), 407

Essays in the History of Liberty: Selected Writings of Lord Acton (Fears, ed.), xviiin, 281n, 670n

Essex decision, 83

Ethics of Liberty, The (Rothbard), 68 In, 684n, 685n

Evangelista, Matthew, “The ‘Soviet Threat’: Intentions, Capabilities, and Context” in Diplomatic History, 55, 557n, 558n

Executive branch

civil rights responsibilities under, 660

main threat to liberty today, xxiv

responsibilities separated from legislative, 141

supremacy, 353

Executive commissions, 352

Executive influence, danger of, 70

Executive Order, 653–55

Explorations in Economic History, 184n, 568n

Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny (Muravchik), 423, 423n

Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Drinnon), 331n, 332n, 336n

Fascism

American, 593

components of, 614

defined, 589, 593–94

economic, 435–40

promoted by American businessmen, 436

as welfare-warfare state, 593

Fair Deal, Truman’s, 571

Fair Employment Practices Commission opposed by Lyndon Johnson, 661

Fair Labor Standards Act, 440

Fairchild, Roy R, ed., The Federalist Papers, 643n

Fairfield, John, 174

“Fallacies of the N.R.A., The” (Hazlitt) in American Mercury, 432n, 433n

Farewell Address (Washington), xxi, xxxiii, 34, 43–44, 457–58, 524, 679

Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties, The (Neely), 279n, 283n, 713n

FDR and Stalin: A Not So Grand Alliance, 1943–1945 (Perlmutter), xxxiiin, 496n, 521n, 528n, 531n, 543n

Fears, Rufus J., ed., Essays in the History of Liberty: Selected Writings of Lord Acton, xviiin, 28 In, 670n

Federal Bureau of Investigation, xiii

Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 430

Federal Farm Loan Act, 415

Federal government. See Government

Federal judicial review, theory of, 64

Federal ratio, 235

Federal Reserve, 348, 405, 406, 415, 609, 626

abandoned bills-only doctrine, 630

Act, 376

appointments to, 18

establishment of, 9

role in creation of money, 17

Federal spending, 29

under Jefferson, 47

see also Internal improvements

Federal Trade Commission, 371, 372, 415

Act, 376

Federalism, xxxiv, 112ff., 118

American, 118

judical, 105ff.

supported by Jefferson, 63

Federalist Papers, The (Rossiter, ed.), 105n, 106n, 109n, 115n, 116n, 119, 129n, 149, 154

Federalist Party, 148

development of theory of federal judicial review, 64

policies not popular, 46

Washington and Adams associated with, 148

Feminism, embraced by Johnson, 662

Feminism and Freedom (Levin), 657n

Filipino insurrection, 172n

Fillmore, Millard, 201

Financial History of the United States (Dewey), 49n, 50n, 51n, 52n

Financial History of the United States: Fiscal, Monetary, Banking, and Tariff (Krooss and Studenski), 50n, 52n

Financial markets, regulation of, 10

First Bank of the United States. See Central Bank

Fiscal dividend

defined, 607

to be used to expand scope of government, 608

Fiscal drag, defined, 607

Fish, Hamilton, career destroyed by Intrepid, 488

Fisher, Irving, 369

Fisher, Louis, Presidential War Power, xx, xxn, xxixn

Fixed costs problems, 370–72

Fleming, Ian, agent for Intrepid, 486

Florida

purchase, 56

secession, 239

Flynn, John T., 543, 591

As We Go Marching, 592, 592n, 593n

The Roosevelt Myth, 430, 430n, 434n, 436, 436n, 440n, 444, 444n, 450n, 528n, 531n, 532n, 533n, 535n, 537n, 538n, 540n, 541n, 542n, 543n, 544n

Foote, Shelby, 229n, 256n, 265–66, 270n Forbes, 400, 489

Forbes, W. Cameron, The Philippine Islands, 394n

Ford, Gerald, worst postwar president, 11

Ford, Henry, political enemy of Roosevelt, 487

Foreign Affairs, 549n, 554, 557n

Foreign policy, 171, 458

British influence on, 484–90

controversy with Great Britain over, 82

and the embargo, 82–92

of Jefferson, 52

revolution declared by Truman, 551

of Roosevelt, 352, 528, 544

Foreign Policy of the United States, The (Morley), x, xn, 460n

Forsyth, John, 173

Fort Pickens, 238–40

formal truce of 1861, 239

jurisdiction taken by federal government, 241

Fort Sumter, 237–38, 240, 246–52, 266

Davis’s reason for firing on, 272–74

fall of, xxv, 267

first shot fired at, xxxi, 232, 266

Founding Fathers

believed government power main threat to liberty, 139

foreign policy of, 457–58

ideas about election of president, 145

ideas rejected by Theodore Roosevelt, xxxii

influenced by classical liberals, xii

looked to Roman Republic as example, xxx

original intent for legislative branch, xxxiii

ranking of, 7

tried to prevent democratic government, 138, 154

wanted less power in the government, xiii

Fourteenth Amendment. See Civil Rights

Fox, Gustavus, 241, 246

letter from Lincoln, 275

reinforcement plan for Fort Sumter, 246, 271

opposition to, 246–48

Franco-Prussian War, 286, 464

Free enterprise vs. private enterprise, xiii, 461, 522, 523

Free Soilers, antislavery third party, 169

Free trade, 222

ideal, 219

vs. tariff protection, 701

Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, 306

Fries, John, sedition trial of, 76

“From Isolationism to Global Leadership” in U.S. Department of State Dispatch, 528n

FTC. See Federal Trade Commission

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 201

Fulbright, William, 497

Full-employment surplus, 605–07

Functional finance, 601

Galbraith, John Kenneth Gallatin, Albert, 48, 191, 48–52

Gallaway, Lowell, ix

Gallup Poll

changed during Roosevelt’s bid for third term, 489

rating of FDR, 527n

Gamble, Richard, xxxii

Gang of Four, 326

Garfield, James, 4, 201

Garrett, Garet, “The Revolution Was” in The People’s Pottage, xixn, xx

GDP See Gross domestic product

General Accounting Office (GAO), 443

Genius of American Politics, The (Boorstin), 705, 705n

Gibson, Henry, Pictorial History of America’s New Possessions, 319, 338n

Giles, William Branch, introduced Second Enforcement Act, 96

Gladstone, William, compared to Van Buren, xxx

Globalism, introduced by Roosevelt, 528

Gnosticism, 416

GNP See Gross National Product

Gold standard, xix

abandoned by Franklin Roosevelt, 434

eliminated by Roosevelt and Nixon, 18

opposed by Lincoln, 206

Gold-exchange standard, 406

Gordon, David, xxviii, 449

(ed.), Secession, State, and Liberty, 233n, 237n

Gottfried, Paul, xxxiii

After Liberalism: Mass Democracy in the Managerial State, 649n

Government

accountability, 109

activism, 3

branches of, 141ff.

debt, danger of, 70

democractic, 147ff.

expenditures, 3, 4

expenditures as a result of national output, 2, 5

federal and national differences defined, 115

growth of, 3, 608

Hobbesean model of, 134

House of Representatives, 141ff., 151ff.

increase of power of, xxxi

intervention in private sphere, 9

jobs as political patronage, 163

legislative power of, xxxiv limited, 106, 138, 140

impossibility of, 667

power increased in twentieth century, xxvii

power rests solely on opinion, 692

power to be decentralized, 106

purpose of, in Declaration of Independence, 671

as related to the economy, ix

role of, xi, 388, 681

size of, and inflation, 19, 20

sources of revenue, 49

spending during Great Depression, 426

spending as percentage of total output, 5

tariffs to retire debt, 163

taxing power of, xxxiv

Treasury Department, 185ff.

tripartite system of, 651

see also Civil Servants

Great Depression, 10, 191

caused by government spending, 426

made worse by Roosevelt’s Second New Deal programs, 440

myth of, 425

new federal programs during, 426

not caused by antitrust policy, 366

sluggish recovery of, 429

Great Emancipator. See Lincoln

Great Merger Wave, 373

Great Northern Railroad, 226

Great Society of Lyndon Johnson, 11

Great Strike of 1877, xxi

Greeley, Horace, 199, 233

Greenbacks, 181

Gross domestic product (GDP), 3, 4

during 1929–1940, 427

government spending as a percent of, 10n, 12

Gross national product (GNP), 3, 4, 620

Grotius, Hugo, father of international law, 231

Growth of the American Republic, The (Morison and Commager), 217n

Growth theory, 610, 611

“Gutzman, K.R. Constantine, “‘Oh, What a Tangled Web We Weave . . .’: James Madison and the Compound Republic” in Continuity: A Journal of History 22, 234n

Habeas corpus rights, 713

suspended under Lincoln, 8, 218, 274

Hamilton, Alexander, 34, 148, 212

advocate of centralized government 41–42

assessment of Jefferson, 100–01

created Democratic-Republican Party, 150

letter from Washington to, 36

letter to Bayard in History of the United States (Adams), 101n

as “prime minister,” 149

Report on Manufactures, 149

representative of conservatism, xiv, xvii

role in drafting Washington’s Farewell Address, 43n

Washington’s cabinet member, xiv, 34

see also Federalist Papers

Hamilton’s Republic (Lind, ed.), 33n, 42n

Hanna, Marcus, 321

Hansen, Alvin H., Monetary Theory and Fiscal Policy, 601n

Hard money, 156

promoted by Jackson, 184n

radicalism, 184

Harding, Warren, xxiii, 200

taxes slashed during administration of, 10

Harpers, 437

Harriman, Henry, 436

Harrison, Benjamin, 201

signed Sherman Antitrust Act, 372

Harrison, William Henry, 4, 155, 160, 185, 215

as “General Mum,” 199

Harry S. Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (Kofsky), 550n, 555n, 559n

Hartford Convention, opposition to War of 1812, 236

Hawaii

annexation treaty, 329

annexed by joint resolution, 330

Hay, John, 209

Hayek, F. A., xi

as a classical liberal, xii

Constitution of Liberty, The, xii, 337n, 441n

Nobel Prize won by, xii

Road to Serfdom, The, xii, 335n

Hayes, Rutherford B., xxi, 201

Hazlitt, Henry, 431–32

Heller, Walter W., New Dimensions of Political Economy, 596n, 597n, 603n, 608n, 618n, 620n, 622n

Henry, Patrick, xxxiv

refused to attend Constitutional Convention, xxxiv

Hepburn Act, 347, 348

Hepburn bill, 371, 372

Herald Tribune, 559

Higgs, Robert, 9

Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, xxvi, 9n, 35n, 433n, 572n, 680n, 681n

notion of ratchet effect, 9, 25–27, 30

“Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted So Long and Why Prosperity Resumed After the War” in Independent Review, 428n, 430n

Hill, James J., built the Great Northern Railroad, 226

Highways of Progress, 226n

Hillhouse, James, 98

Hiroshima, 577–86

Historical Statistics of the United States, 4n, 20n, 194n, 429n, 443

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 147n

History of the American People, A (Johnson), 28n, 210n, 225n

History of the United States of America During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (Adams), 59n, 60n, 62n, 67n, 68n, 70n, 72n, 74n, 76n, 78n, 90n, 92n, 94n, 97n, 98n, 101n

Hitler, 478–83

domestic policy in Germany, 483

caused deaths, 482

peace offer made by, 478

ranks third in responsibility for deaths, 483

wanted to avoid war with America, 498

Hobbesean model of government, 134

Hobbs, Thomas, Leviathan, 139

Hobson, John A., 323, 406

Holcombe, Randall G.

Hollis, Christopher, The American Heresy, xiv, xivn, xviiin

Home rule

restoration not feasible, 300

restoration of, 295

Homestead Act of 1862, 226

Homestead law, 219

Homestead principle explained, 189

Homosexuals in the military, 662–64

Hoover, Herbert, 192, 201, 371

as interventionist, 10

on list of worst presidents, 10

Norris-LaGuardia Act signed by, 441

Hopkins, Harry, 443, 449

Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, xxxiv

House of Morgan, xxxii

House of Representatives. See Government

Howard, Frank Key, 284

Hughes, Charles Evans, xxvi

defeated by Wilson, xxvin

public offices held by, xxvin

Human Rights

Commission, 126

Committee, part of the ICCPR, 125

Constitution not compatible with, 682

violations, victims of, 125

Humanitarian wars, xxxii

Hume, David, xii

Hummel, Jeffrey, xxi, xxii, xxx, 700n

Hurlbut, S.A., 248f.

Hyperinflation, 8

Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, The (Bailyn), 139n, 671n

Imperial presidency, 289, 343–44

advocated by Theodore Roosevelt, xxxii

created by Franklin Roosevelt, xxvii, xxxiii

creation of foreign policy, xxiv

evolution toward, 385–86

Johnson as strong leader for, 289

as object of worship, 709

scope and role of present-day, xxvii

should be destroyed, 525

supported by Anglo-American Establishment, 460

Imperial Presidency, The (Schlesinger), ix, ixn, xxivn, 460, 460n, 519n

Imperialism, 592

disguised as humanitarianism, 524

groups benefitting from, 408

In the Name of War: Judicial Review and the War Powers Since 1918 (May), 283n, 473n

Income policy, 588, 595

Income tax

enshrined in Constitution, 9

introduction of, 8

to fight recession, 608

see also tax

Incorporation laws, 156

Independent Review, i, xxiiin, 174n, 230n, 428n, 694n

Independent Treasury, 180–81, 182, 184–187

Indian removal

armies organized for, 224

program of Andrew Jackson, 193–94

Industrial production, rose during Harding’s administration, 10

Industrial Revolution, 235

began in England, 459

Inflation

cost-push theory, 616

economic fascism and, 587

rankings based on size of government and, 17–22, 19

under Lincoln, Wilson, and Truman, 20

used in presidential rankings, 17

variations in rate of, 20

Inflationary finance, 206

Innovation, organizational and physical, 368

“Inside Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened” in Foreign Affairs (Leffler), 549n, 554n, 557n

Institute of International Affairs, 472

Insular properties, 328

Insurance

agencies as alternative providers of law and order, 683–90

purpose of, 683

Insurgents, 733

Interest rate

as indicator of monetary policy, 628

Operation Twist used to artificially twist the structure of, 630

Interest-group politics, 164

Internal improvements, 215, 226, 235, 288

corruption resulting from, 225

defined, 208

demanded by corporate interests, 223

failure of, 209–10, 214

Jackson’s Maysville veto against, 157

promised by Lincoln presidency, 292

proposed by Adams, 157

suggested by Jefferson, 80

supported by Whigs, 213

Tyler suspicious of, 217

Internal taxes, as source of government revenue, 49

International Court of Justice, 126

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 122, 124, 125, 125n

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 122, 124, 126n

International Covenant on Human Rights and Optional Protocol, The, 123n, 124, 124n, 125, 129n

International Dimensions of Human Rights (Vasak, ed.), 124n, 129n

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 411

Internationalism, introduced by Roosevelt, 528

Interstate Commerce Act, 200

Interstate Commerce Commission and railroad regulation, 348–49

Intervention during Great Depression, 191

Interventionist foreign policy, 459

Intrepid, 489

changed results of Gallup polls, 489

code name for William Stephenson, 486

false documents used by, 487

influence of, 488

role in Roosevelt’s reelection, 489–90

Investment Tax Credit, 381

Jackson, Andrew, 148, 151ff., 155–67, 169ff.

Bank war, 184

favored central bank, 213ff.

favored majority rule, 159, 165

Indian removal by, 193–94

libertarian public policies of, 158

Maysville veto of, 157

opposed to national debt, 158

ranking among presidential scholars, 7ff.

tariffs and, 163–64

Jacksonian democracy, 156f., 159–60

Jacksonian Economy; The (Temin), 190n, 191n

Jacksonian Era, 1828–1848, The (Van Deusen), 199n, 200n

James, William, 353

Jay, John. See Federalist Papers

Jay’s Treaty of 1794, 112

Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Malone), 59n, 65, 65n, 67n

Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Malone), 68n, 82n, 94n, 95n

Jefferson, Thomas, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 45–104, 150, 171

advocate of internal improvements, 80–82

and Barbary pirates problem, xxviii

as classical liberal, xiv

attempted to win over Federalists, 78–80

British embargo, 82–92, 94–99

Cumberland Road bill signed by, 82

Democratic-Republican Party created by, 150

desired limited government, xvii, 41

“Draft of Kentucky Resolutions” in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 66n

effort to reverse Federalist program, 47

Eighth Annual Message in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 81n, 82n

embargo great sin of commission by, 102

fatal errors of, 72–73

federal debt reduction under, 51

federal spending under, 47

federal taxation under, 49–51

federalism supported by, 63

First Annual Message in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 48n, 54n, 58n, 64n

First Inaugural Address in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 47–48, 48n, 53n, 64n, 100n

fiscal policies of, 47

Florida purchased from Spain, 56

foreign policy objectives, 56

foreign policy under, 52–57, 82–92

Hamilton’s assessment of, 100–01

John Pickering impeachment recommended by, 74

John Randolph’s assessment of, 102

letter to Barnabas Bidwell in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 54n, 79n

letter to Elbridge Gerry in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 47n, 63n, 79n, 95n

letter to Gideon Granger in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 47n, 63n, 64n, 79n, 90n, 100n

Louisiana Purchase, 57–63

cabinet did not support amendment for, 60

greatest accomplishment, 57

proposed amendment for, 59

purpose for amendment, 61

a threat to debt reduction program, 52

member of Washington’s cabinet, xiv

military academy bill signed by, 82

military policy, 52–57, 93–97

New Orleans purchased from France, 56

opposed public borrowing, 48

opposed to central bank, 149

original intent jurisprudence supported by, 63

“Proclamation of April 19, 1808” in Annals of Congress (1808–09), 87n

ranking among presidential scholars, 7

reform opportunity not taken by, 70

Second Inaugural Address in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 50n, 58n, 80

Sixth Annual Message in Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 80n

strict construction supported by, 63

Supreme Court appointments of, 69–74

taxes

opposed all but minimal, 48

raised, 51

Taylor’s assessment of, 101

trade conflict with Britain, 82

opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1866, 308–10

war expenditures under, 49

war and naval department to be reduced under, 49

warned about not limiting government powers, 77

Jersey City American Standard, 269

Jim Crow laws, as state actions, 659

John C. Calhoun: Nullifier, 1829–1839 (Wiltse), 180n, 181n

John Randolph of Roanoke (Kirk), 95n, 102n

John Tyler: Champion of the Old South (Chitwood), 215

Johnson, Andrew, xxxi, 289–318

admired by Harry S. Truman, 8n

condemned and respected by historians, 289

debt-reduction plan, 299–300

impeachment of, xxxi–xxxii, 314

leader without a party, 312

opposed to government power, xxvii

political history of, 290ff.

presidential rating of, xxviii

recognizing Southern states, 296–99, 312–13

states’-rights nationalist, 290

unlikely hero for liberty, 289f.

Johnson, Lyndon, 2n, 11, 381

chained-runner analogy of, 656–58

civil rights program denounced by, 661

feminism embraced by, 662

opposed Fair Employment Practices Commission, 661

racial equality called for by, 656

Johnson, Paul

A History of the American People, 28n, 210n, 225n

Johnson, Richard M., 196

Johnson, William, Supreme Court appointee, 73

Johnston, Josiah S., 198

Joint Commission of Reconstruction, 258

Journal of American History, 196n, 231n

Journal of Economic History, 187n, 333n

Journal of Law and Economics, 369n, 448n

Journal of Libertarian Studies, 338n, 668n, 690n

Journal of Political Economy 68, 180n

Judicial branch, overseen by Supreme Court, 143

Judicial federalism, 122

Judicial impeachment, issue of proper grounds for, 76

Judicial irresponsibility, 70

Judicial review

policy oriented, 119

a pro-government measure, 65

Judicial structure, 68–69

Judicial supremacy, foundation laid for, 119

Judiciaries, importance of nationally based, according to U.N. Secretary, 127

Judiciary Act

of 1789, 65, 114, 117

of 1801, 65, 67, 68

of 1802, 68–69

Justice Department, xxxii

Kansas-Nebraska Act, supported by Johnson, 290

Karp, Walter, The Politics of War, 328n, 335n

Katyn Forest Massacre, 530

Kennan, George, 552

Kennedy, John F., 11, 232, 587–640, 708

announcement of conversion to new economics, 620

antitrust policies, 381

Keynesian view of military spending embraced by, 619

monetary policies of, 618–32

move toward economic fascism by, 632

Profiles in Courage, xxxi, xxxiin

State of the Union address, 618

steel crisis of 1962, 632–40

tax cut authority, 608

wanted cheap-money policy, 629

Kennedy (Sorenson), 623n, 624n, 625n, 633n, 635n, 636n

Kentucky Resolution of 1798, 66

Kern, Fritz, Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages, 669n, 673n

Ketcham, Ralph, Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789–1829, 151n, 154n, 162n

Key, Frances Scott, 284

Keynes, John Maynard, 591, 597

view of military spending embraced by Kennedy, 619

Keynesian economics, 22, 597

Killing Mr. Watson (Matthiessen), 319

Kimmel, Admiral, 504, 506, 507, 511, 515

King Numbers

danger of, xvi

electoral college designed to prevent, xxix

threat to liberty, xvi

Kipling, Rudyard, 356

Kirk, Russell, John Randolph of Roanoke, 95n, 102n

Kitchen Cabinet, 156n

Kofsky, Frank, Harry S. Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation, 550n, 555n, 559n

Kolko, Gabriel, Century of War: Politics, Conflict, and Society Since 1941, 561n, 566n

Korean War, 11, 553, 560–63, 572

Kristol, William, “On the Future of Conservatism” in Commentary 103, 648n

Krooss, Herman E. and Paul Studenski, Financial History of the United States: Fiscal, Monetary, Banking, and Tariff, 50n, 52n

Ku Klux Klan, 392

Kuznets, Simon, 4

La Follette, Robert M., Sr., xxxv, 733

leader of insurgents, 733

opposed U.S. membership in League of Nations, 734

opposed Wilson’s proposed declaration of war, 733

political career of, 733

speech against war, 736–45

“Speech on the Declaration of War Against Germany,” from the Congressional Record, 745n

Labor laws, 10

Labor unions, 441–43

government-sanctioned legal privileges for, 441

LaFeber, Walter

America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1990, 549n, 552n, 560n, 562n

“Making of a Bully Boy, The” in Inquiry, 342n, 352n

New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1989, The, 321n, 325n, 327n

Laissez-faire, 156, 158, 185, 201

Landholdings, state confiscation of, 112

Law of Civilization and Decay, The (Adams), 341

Law and order

insurance agencies as providers of, 683–90

larger government for, xiii

to include FBI and BATF, xiii

League of Nations, xxxv, 414, 418, 472, 473, 477

founded by Anglo-American group, 464

La Follette opposed U.S. membership in, 734

Russia’s eviction from, 530

U.S. refusal to join, 421

Leahy, William D., I Was There, 536n, 580n

Least squares regression analysis, 12

Lee, General Robert E., 228

arrest of, suggested by Johnson, 296

correspondence with Lord Acton, xviii, 281

prediction about government, xxiii

Lee, Susan, 633

Hands Off: Why the Government Is a Menace to Economic Health, 597n, 598n, 619n, 632n, 633n

Leffler, Melvyn P.

Inside Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened” in Foreign Affairs, 549n, 554n, 557n

Legacy of Andrew Jackson, The (Remini), 154n, 157n, 165n

Legislative branch

most accountable to electorate, 142

original intent of Founders for, xxxiii

preeminence of, 643

responsibilities separated from executive, 141

Legislative corruption, 70

Legislative national supremacy, established, 123

Lend-Lease Act, 496, 530–31

allowed circumvention of Neutrality Act, 531

Leoni, Bruno, Freedom and the Law, 673n, 686n

Lerner, Abba, Economics of Employment, 601n, 624n

Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 345n, 352n

Leviathan, xvii

Leviathan (Hobbes), 139

Levin, Michael, xxxiv

Liberal

classical, defined, ix–x

modern, defined, xi

term adopted by Whig party, x

Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition (Mises), xii, xiin, 693n

Liberalism. See Classical liberalism; Modern liberal

Libertarian Forum, The, 588n, 590n, 591n

Liberty

campaign platform for Jackson was, 155

compromised by democracy, 138

Johnson a hero for, 289

meaning to Founders of, 137

New American Revolution needed to protect, xxxiv

a new idea to Founding Fathers, 137

protecting individual, xvi, xxx, 34, 140

purpose of government is to preserve, 158

replaced by democracy, 137

threatened by democracy, xvi, 103

Liberty and the Great Libertarians: Anthology on Liberty, A Handbook of Freedom (Sprading, ed.), xivn, xvn

Life of Andrew Jackson, The (Remini), 155n, 157n, 158n, 162n, 164n

Lilienthal, Alfred M., The Zionist Connection: What Price Peace? 573n, 575n

Lincoln, Abraham, xxxi, 203–30. 231–88, 706

actions during Civil War, xxxiv, 231–88

always a Whig, 203

America’s first dictator, 274

assassination of, 295

blamed South for war, 272

central bank advocate, 206–19

compared to Bismarck, 282–88

compared to Roosevelt, 519

Confederate government not recognized by, 245

creator of American Nationalism, 287

debate with Stephen Douglas, 228

dictatorial conduct of, xxxiv, 217–18, 283

election in 1860, 236

emancipation policy to save the Union, 228

endorsed right of secession, 237

in favor of inflationary finance, 206

fiat money supported by, 18

as first gnostic prophet, 416

First Inaugural Address, 221, 242, 244

gave up veto power, 219

as the Great Emancipator, 203

habeas corpus rights suspended under, 8, 218, 274

and his flying brethren, 207

inflation under, 20

leader of Whig party, 208

letter to Gustavus Fox, 275

and the Marxian labor theory of value, 208

the master politician, 205

military conscription under, 8

no regard for constitutional restrictions, 217

opposed Mexican War, 236, 278

plan for Southern unification, 294–95

pledge to enforce fugitive slave clause, 242

presidential ranking of, ix, ixn

protectionism supported by, 203, 227

provoking war, 266

ranking, xn, 8

restoring the Union, 293–99

revered by presidential scholars, 8

secession supported by, 244

violated Fort Pickens truce, 239–40

violation of constitutional restrictions by, 520

worst offender of constitutional protection, 713

Lincoln (Donald), 204n, 206n

“Lincoln and Fort Sumter” (Ramsdell) in Journal of Southern History, 243n, 244n, 248n, 249n, 255n, 264n, 272n, 275n

Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (Potter), 242n, 243n, 244n, 249n, 250n, 251n, 255n, 256n, 257n, 258n

Lincoln the Man (Masters), 206n, 211n, 213n, 246n, 247n, 277n, 278n, 284n

Lincoln Reader, The (Angle), 206n, 209n, 211n

Lincoln Takes Command (Tilley), 237n, 241n, 244n, 248n, 249n, 250n, 251n, 258n, 261n, 262n, 264n, 271n, 272n, 275n

Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures (Boritt, ed.), 274–75n, 282n

Lind, Michael, ed., Hamilton’s Republic, 33n, 42n

Lindbergh, Charles, political enemy of Roosevelt, 487

Link, Arthur S., et al., eds., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 414n, 473n

Lippman, Walter, 43, 488

opposed isolationist policy, 35n

Living Presidency: The Resources and Dilemmas of the American Presidential Office, The (Hughes), 342n, 359n, 360n

Livingston, Henry Brockholst, Supreme Court appointee, 73

Livingston, Robert R., 57, 60

Locke, John, xii, 667

Second Treatise of Government, 139

Locke-Smith Review, The (Sturgis, ed.), xin

Locofoco contingent, 177

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 326, 356

Logic of Action Two, The (Rothbard), 204, 682n

London Journal, 139

London Spectator, 229

London Ultimatum, written by Allied Reparations Committee, 476

L’Ordre Naturel (De la Rivière), 673n

Los Angeles Times, 656

Louisiana Purchase, xxviii, 52, 57–63, 236

defense made easier by, 58

John Quincy Adams on, 62

opposed by Federalists, 58

unconstitutional, 200

See also Thomas Jefferson

Lukacs, John, Outgrowing Democracy: A History of the United States in the Twentieth Century, 421n, 424n

Lusitania, sinking of, 484

Lusitania, The (Simpson), 484n

MacArthur, Arthur, problems with Taft, 391, 562, 563

Macroeconomics (Dornbusch and Fischer), 606n, 630n, 631n

Madison, James, xxix, 62, 215, 234, 710n

backed plans for centralized government control, 34

a disciple of Leo Strauss, 39

letter from Jefferson, 48n

opposed tariff, 234

opposed to Central Bank, 149, 217

opposed to parties and factions, 149

“Political Observations” in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison (1795), 525n

Virginia Plan of, 38

see also Federalist Papers

Magna Charta, 673n

Mahl, Thomas E., Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–44, 486n, 487n, 488n, 489n, 494n

Majority rule

favored by Jackson, 165

potential to be tyrannical, 138, 147, 166

self-determination in place of, 693

Makin, John H. and Norman J. Ornstein, 610

Debt and Taxes, 599n, 601n, 611n, 618n, 619n, 620n

Making Economic Sense (Rothbard), 570n, 597n

Malone, Dumas, 65

Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805, 59n, 65n, 67n

Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809, 68n, 82n, 94n, 95n

Maltsev, Yuri, xxxiii

Man Called Intrepid: The Secret War, A (Stevenson), 484n, 486n, 487n

Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (Hamby), 550n, 569n

Manhattan Project, 585

Mansfield, Harvey, 644

Marina, William F., xxxii

Egalitarianism and Empire, 386n, 387n

“Opponents of Empire: An Interpretation of American Anti-Imperialism, 1892–1921” in Ph.D. Dissertation, 325n, 329n, 331n, 333n, 335n, 397n

Market for Liberty, The (Tannehill and Tannehill), 683n, 690n

Marshall, Chief Justice, 64–65, 118, 123

Marshall, John A., American Bastile: A History of the Illegal Arrests and Imprisonment of American Citizens in the Northern and Border States, on Account of Their Political Opinions, During the Late Civil War, 73, 284n, 712n

Marshall Plan, 553–54, 559

Martin, Albro, 348

Martin, James J., Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition, 597–98n

Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (Niven), 170n, 171n

Martin Van Buren (Shepard), 171n

Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Cole), 171n, 196n

Marx, Karl, 438

Mason, George, xxxiv, 233

Massachusetts Government Act, 315

vetoed by Johnson, 315

Masters, Edgar Lee, Lincoln the Man, 206n, 211n, 213n, 246n, 277n, 278n, 284n

May, Christopher, N., In the Name of War: Judicial Review and the War Powers Since 1918, 283n, 473n

Maysville Road, appropriations vetoed for, 177

McCullough, David

Truman, 568n, 570n, 571n, 654n

McDonald, Forrest, 41, 41n, 282, 352

American Presidency: An Intellectual History, The, ix, ixn, 144n, 147n, 149n, 283n, 352n, 355n, 358n

Presidency of George Washington, The, 41n, 42n, 643n

McDougall, Walter A., Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776, 336n, 554n

McElroy, Robert, 265

Mclver, Stuart B. and William J. Ridings, Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent, 7

McKinley, William, xxi, xxxii, 319–39, 373

acquisition of Cuba, Philippines under, 327

address to National Association of Manufacturers, 326–27

clash with James G. Blaine, 322

contribution to destruction of liberty, 334

election of, 326f.

friend of Marcus Hanna, 321

leader of expansionist coalition, 324

political career of, 320–21

popularized Open Door Notes, 333

overseas imperialism, 336ff.

Tariff Act of 1883, 321ff.

war message to Congress, 330

war with Spain, 327–30

Meat Inspection Act, 347

Medical care pattern, changed by affirmative action, 658

Mediterranean Fund, to finance the Tripolitan war, 51

Meigs, M.C. Captain, 239

Mellon, Andrew, 201

“Memoir of a Narrative Received of Colonel John B. Baldwin of Staunton, Touching the Origin of the War” (Dabney) in Discussions, 258n, 259n

Memoirs (Adams), 62n

Memoirs By Harry S. Truman, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Truman), 2n, 8n

Memphis Race Riot of 1866, 303f.

Mencken, H.L., 414, 423, 450

Mercantilism, 199, 208, 217f., 220

corruption of, under Lincoln, 203, 227

defined, 204, 217

triumph of, 217

Merchant marine, nationalized by Wilson, 415

Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 336n

Meyer, Balthasar Henry, 351

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, 130

Militarism, 592

Military

Academy bill signed by Jefferson, 82

Academy suggested by Jefferson, 80

conscription, 353–54

expanded under Wilson, 415

under Lincoln, 8

homosexuals to serve in, 662–64

integration of under Truman, 653

planners for world domination, 548

service a right according to Clinton, 664

spending under Jefferson, 52

training scheme for universal, 197, 353, 547

Mill, John Stuart, xii

Miller, Stuart Creighton, Benevolent Assimilation: American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, 331n, 356n, 357n

Milner, Sir Alfred, leader of Anglo-American Establishment, 479n, 489

Minimum wage law, 11, 440

Mises Institute, xxvii

Mises, Ludwig von, 408, 671

Bureaucracy, 32n

classical liberalism rescued by, xi

on danger of government, xv

on distinction between private and free enterprise, 523

Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 688n, 692n

on imperialism, 410–11

Liberalism: In the Classical Tradition, xii, xiin, 693n

Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War, xv, xvin, 334n, 411, 523n

Planning for Freedom, 334n

as a prominent classical liberal, xii

Mises Review, 35n, 449n

Mission to Moscow (Davies), 531

Mitchell, William, to look into merger activity, 378

Mobocracy, 75. See also King Numbers

Modern conservative, desire of, for larger government, xiii

Modern corporation, 363, 367, 368

Modern liberal

defined, xi

distinguished from classical liberal, ix, xi

in favor of larger government, xiii, xx

Monarchy, contemplated by Washington, 38

Monetary expansion, 611

Monetary inflation, 587, 595, 640

Monetary policies

disagreement over, 326

of John Kennedy, xxxiv, 618–32

of Richard Nixon,, xxxiv

Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History (Timberlake), 180n, 185n, 188n, 190n, 214n

Monetary revolution, 626

Money

easy, 613

supply, growth of, 627

velocity of circulation of, 627

Monopolies, 523

Monopolistic business practices, government the source of, 156

Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt corollary to, 357

Monroe, James, 151, 215

Montague, Gilbert, 378

Morgan, J.P., 360, 377, 458, 463, 735, 735–36n

Morgenstern, George, Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War, 453n, 491n, 493n, 494n, 500n, 501n, 507n, 510n, 511n, 513n

Morgenthau Plan, 540–41

Morgenthua, Hans J., “The Origins of the Cold War” in The Origins of the Cold War (Gardner, Schlesinger, and Morgenthau), 549n, 556n, 567n

Morley, Felix, x, 337, 361n, 460, 584

Mormon War, 201

Morrill Tariff. See Tariff

Morris, Dick, 1

Morris, Edmund, 342n

Mr. Dooley’s Philosophy (Dunne), 319, 327n

“Mr. Truman’s Degree” (Anscombe) in Collected Philosophical Papers, vol. 3, Ethics, Religion, and Politics, 581n, 582n

Munich Pact, 479

Muravchik, Joshua, Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny, 423, 423n

Murphey, Dwight D., xin

Mussolini, Benito, 435, 436n

Myth of the Robber Barons, The (Folsom), 224n, 226n

NAFTA, 234

Nagasaki, 577–86

Nation, xin, 559, 570n

National Alliance of Businessmen, 660

National Association of Manufacturers, 326

National Bank. See Central Bank National Currency Acts of 1863 and 1864, 227

National debt, 48, 149

National defense, larger government for, xiii

National health insurance, 547

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 372, 379, 430

an economy-wide minimum wage, 431

code authority under, 431

created National Recovery Administration (NRA), 372, 431

declared unconstitutional, 372, 380, 438

modeled after fascist system, 435

purpose of, 430

National Industrial Relations Act, 430

National Intelligencer, 70

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 440, 441

National output, size of, 2

National Paper Currency. See Specie circular

National Recovery Administration (NRA), 192, 431

culmination of antitrust reform efforts, 372

National Review, 19, 644n, 645n

National Security Council, 553

National-security state, beginnings of, 552–53

Nationalism, 116

endorsed by Supreme Court decisions, 107

Lincoln creator of American, 287

NATO, 560, 575–76

warned against by Washington, 524

Natural rights

American colonists familiar with, 671

originated with Scholastics, 670

theory of, 670

Naval history, 518

Navy

South Sea Exploring Expedition by, 198

U.S. Department of, xxin

NBC Nightly News with Chet Huntley, 636

Neal, Steve, 5

Neely, Mark E., Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties, 279n, 283n, 713n

Neo-Hamiltonian Whigs, 179

Neutral trade, 83

Neutrality Act

abandoned by Roosevelt, 450

signed by Roosevelt, 531

New Deal, 379, 425, 430–49

compare to Italian Fascism, 436

excuses for spending under, 446

features of, 449

First, 430ff.

Roosevelt and, xxiv, xxxiii, 191–92, 528

Second, 446ff.

a scheme for massive cartels, 430

spending to buy votes, 444, 446

tax increases of, 442

New Dimensions of Political Economy (Heller), 596n, 597n, 603n, 608n, 618n, 620n, 622n

New Economic Policy, 589

New economics

blueprint for economic fascism, 601–02

conversion to, announced by Kennedy, 620

and economics of power, 626

key concept of, 603

origins of, 596–601

policy, 587

as source of presidential power, 596

New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1989, The (LaFeber), 321n, 327n

New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, A (Radosh and Rothbard, eds.), 192n, 643n, 681n

New Orleans purchase, 56

New Orleans Race Riot of 1866, 303f.

New Republic, xin, 415, 559, 612, 648

New York Evening Day-Book, 267

New York Evening Post, 252

New York Herald, 262

New York Herald Tribune, 639

New York Post, 222

New York Times, xivn, 253, 439, 493, 493n, 559, 567n, 571, 571n, 589n

New York Times Magazine, 7n, 172n

New York Tribune, 264, 422

New York World, 229, 347

New-Haven Daily Register, 251

Newark Daily Advertiser, 222

Newspapers, opposed to free trade, 222

Newsweek, 527n, 589n

Nicholson, Joseph, 75, 77

Nicolay, George, 209

Nisbet, Robert A., 543, 544

Community and Power, 669n, 674–75n

Roosevelt and Stalin, 529n, 530n, 531n, 538n, 541n, 544n

Niven, John, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics, 170n, 171n

Nixon, Richard M., 1, 11

and affirmative action, 660–61

Cost of Living Council appointed by, 587

discussion with Chou En-lai, 1n New Economic Policy of, 587

really fascism, 589

role in eliminating gold standard, 18

wage-price freeze introduced by, 587

No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority (Spooner), 681n, 686–87n

Nobel Prize, won by Hayek, xii

Nock, Albert Jay, 450

Mr. Jefferson, 47n

Our Enemy, The State, xiiin

State of the Union: Essays in Social Criticism, The, 471n

Non-Importation Act, 86

Noninterventionism, abandonment of, xxxii

Nordlinger, Eric A., Isolationism Reconfigured: American Foreign Policy for a New Century, 44n, 562n

Norris-LaGuardia Act, 441

North Against South: The American Iliad, 1848–1877 (Johnson), 303n

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO

North Carolina Plan, 296

Northern Editorials on Secession (Perkins, ed.), 222n, 252n, 253n, 267n

Northern Securities Company, antitrust suit against, 350

Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era (Doenecke), 558n, 559n

Nullification issue, 158n, 170, 171, 177, 221, 235, 645

Nuremberg war trials, 482, 576

Oakeshott, Michael, 119–20

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, 656

Office of Price Administration (OPA), 600

Oil industry, cartelization of, 433

Okun, Arthur, 597

Old Right, 592

Olson, Mancur, 30, 30n

Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War (Mises), xv, xvin, 334n, 411, 523n

“On the Future of Conservatism” (Kristol) in Commentary 103, 648n

On Power: The Natural History of Its Growth (de Jouvenel), 108n, 669n, 676n

On the Treadmill to Pearl Harbor: The Memoirs of Admiral James O. Richardson USN (Ret.) as told to Vice Admiral George C. Dyer, USN (Ret.) (Richardson), 492n, 510n

Open Door, 333f., 335, 338n

Notes of, 333, 338n

roots of, 323

Open price associations, resisted by Hoover, 378

Operation Twist, 630

“Opponents of Empire: An Interpretation of American Anti-Imperialism, 1892–1921” (Marina), 325n, 329n, 333n, 397n

Original intent jurisprudence, supported by Jefferson, 63

“Origins of the Cold War, The” (Morgenthau) in The Origins of the Cold War (Gardner, Schlesinger, and Morgenthau), 549n, 556n, 567n

“Origins of the Federal Reserve System, The” in Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics (Rothbard), 405n, 406n

Origins of the Second World War, The (Taylor), 459n, 461n, 467n, 474n, 475n, 476n, 478n, 479n, 482n, 501n

Debt and Taxes, 599n, 601n, 611n, 618n, 619n, 620n

Ostend Manifesto, 201

Otis, Harrison Gray, 98

“Our Presidents: A Ranking by 75 Historians” (Schlesinger) in New York Times Magazine, 5n, 7n

Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (Vedder and Gallaway), 10n, 192n, 429n, 440n

Outgrowing Democracy: A History of the United States in the Twentieth Century (Lukacs), 421n, 424n

Overproduction, 325, 334

and export markets, 322–23

Pacific Fleet, transferred to Pearl Harbor, 491

Pacific Historical Review, 332n, 389n

Paine, Thomas, Selected Writings of Thomas Paine, 320

Palmer, John M., xxiii

Panama Canal

building of administered by Taft, 389

greatest socialist endeavor, 399

military argument for, 400

Taft and, 397–400

taxpayer subsidy to shipping industry, 399

Panic of 1837, 188

Panic of 1893, 325

Paper money favored by James Buchanan, 181

Papers of Woodrow Wilson, The (Link et al., eds.), 414n, 417n, 419n, 422n, 473n

Path to Power, The (Caro), 661n

Peace dividend, 30, 30n

Peace and war, 27,31

Peaceable coercion, 86, 92

Pearl Harbor, xxxiii, 29, 461, 490–518

attack provoked by Roosevelt, 491

cause of attack on, 453–57

conspiracy theory by court historians, 457

cover-up, 515–18

Roosevelt withheld information about attack, 454, 502

Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War (Morgenstern), 453n, 491n, 493n, 494n, 500n, 501n, 507n, 511n, 513n

Pendleton, Edmund, 70, 77

constitutional amendments suggested by, 71

warnings of, 70–72

Pepper, Claude, 495

Perkins, Howard Cecil, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, 222n, 252n, 253n, 267n, 268n, 270n

Perlmutter, Amos, 543

FDR and Stalin: A Not So Grand Alliance, 1943–1944, xxxiiin, 496n, 521n, 528n, 531n, 543n

Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and its Aftermath (Barnes, ed.), 457n, 474n, 525n, 529n, 544n

Philadelphia Ledger, 355

Philadelphia Plan for federal contractors, 656

Philadelphia Press, 253

Philippine Affairs (Schurman), 390n

Philippine Islands, taken from Spain, 328ff.

Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy, The (Elliott), 391n, 394n

Philippine Insurrection, 331, 392

parallells with Civil War, 392

Phillips curve, 616

Pickens, Governor F.W., 238, 241, 244

Pickering, John, impeachment, 74–75

Pickering, Timothy, 98

Pictorial History of America’s New Possessions (Gibson), 319, 338n

Pierce, Franklin, 201

Pinckney, Charles, 361

Pioneers

first source of American national pride, 667–68

recognized importance of covenants, 668

Platt Amendment, 332, 402

Planned consumption, 592

Poinsett, Joel R., 197

Political business cycle, 213

“Political Economy of New Deal Spending: An Econometric Analysis, The” (Gavin) in Review of Economics and Statistics, 445n, 447n

Political Economy of the New Deal, The (Couch and Shughart), 446n, 448n

Political Economy of Prosperity, The (Okun), 597n, 622n

Political ideology, 120, 651

Political parties, 22–24

defined, 698–99n

“Grades” by, 24

no reference to, in Constitution, 148, 161

problems of, affecting the presidency, xxix

true purpose of, 703–04

Political patronage, 163, 164, 210–11, 220, 225

Politics of War, The (Karp), 328n, 335n

Polk, James Knox, 185, 193

first dark-horse candidate, 174

wanted little war with Mexico, 28n

Popular vote method of electing president, 152, 154, 165, 166, 167

Postal subsidy, elimination proposed, 198

Potential output demand, 600

Potomac Canal, 36

Potsdam Conference, 542

Potter, David, 242

Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis, 242n, 243n, 244n, 249n, 250n, 251n, 255n, 256n, 257n, 258n

Powaski, Ronald E.

Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991, The, 551n, 565n

Powell, Lazarus, against central banks, 227

Pre-emption Act of 1830, 189

Pre-emption. See homestead principle

Presidencies of Grover Cleveland, The (Welch), xixn, xxi, xxii, xxiin

Presidency of Andrew Jackson, The (Cole), 157n, 164n

Presidency of George Washington, The (McDonald), 41n, 42n, 643n

Presidency of Martin Van Buren, The (Wilson), 171n, 174n, 175n, 176n, 181n, 184n, 196n, 197n, 198n

Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, The (Gould), 347n, 349n, 356n, 359n

Presidency of Warren G. Harding, The (Trani and Wilson), xxiii–xxivn

Presidency of William Howard Taft, The (Coletta), 404n, 405n

President

absence of accountability, 107

can bypass Congress, 133

election of, different than Founders’ intention, 145

elite, 147

as enforcer of U.N. mandates, 132

lawmaking powers of, 133

managerial, 641–49

as social engineer, 651

treaty-making powers of, 134

tyranny of, 135

as warmaker at will, 563–68

President Kennedy: Profile of Power (Reeves), 614n, 619n, 623n, 624n, 625n, 633n, 634n, 635n, 636n, 639n

Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy From Roosevelt to Clinton (Stein), 588n, 601n, 605n, 619n

Presidential “Grades,” 24

Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present (Bailey), 172n, 455n

Presidential power, xxix, 107

centralization of, xxxiv

coercive, 121

danger to individual liberty, xxxiii

dominant today, xxxiii

expansion of, 131

failure of Supreme Court to limit, 135

greatly increased by war, xxv

grounded in external sovereignty, 130

limits destroyed by Lincoln, xxxiv

mythology of, 336

source of, 596

Truman’s conception of, 568

Presidential rankings, 1–32

association between wars and, 27

based on size of government and inflation, 13, 19

best to worst, 6

from a classical-liberal-Austrian perspective, 4

by mainstream scholars

composite, 15, 16

Murray-Blessing, 5, 6

Ridings-McIver, 6, 7

Steve Neal, 5, 6

by Vedder-Gallaway

change in government spending, 2–4, 6

composite of spending-based models, 15, 16

government spending with regression analysis, 12, 13

hypothesis, 2, 7

inflation variant 1 and, 2, 18, 19

percent change in government spending, 12, 13

impact of wars on, 29

and political affiliation, 22–24

of presidents, alternative ways, 12–14

price stability used in, 17

rate of inflation used in, 17

Presidential reputation, and statist behavior, 2

Presidential scholars

assessments by, 5

dependence on government, 2

Presidential War Power (Fisher), xx, xxn, xxixn

Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789–1829 (Ketcham), 15, 151n, 162n

Price

controls, 588

fixing, 588

indices, 17

inflation, 17

stability, 21

used in presidential rankings, 17

supports, 192

Pride, American national, 667

first source of, 667

second source of, 669

third source of, 671

Private enterprise vs. free enterprise, xiii, 461

Private property rights, 667–68

Production and Population Since 1789: Revised GNP Series in Constant Dollars (Berry), 4n, 191n

Production of Security, The (de Molinari), 672n, 683n

Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), xxxi, xxxiin

Progressive movement

changed label to liberal, xi

wanted larger government, xviii

Progressive Party formed, 736

Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism (Radosh), 552n, 554n

Protectionism, Lincoln for, 227

Protective tariff, 177, 201, 207, 221

cause of Civil War, xxxi

Cleveland opposed to, xix

outlawed by Confederate Constitution, 221

Providence Daily Post, 268

Public borrowing, 48

Public choice theory, 200

Public land

allocation of, 189

Jackson opposed ownership of, 158

sales as source of government revenue, 49

Public Papers of Harry S. Truman, 569n, 570n, 572n, 576n

Public Papers (Rosenman), 533n, 534n

Publius, 110, 115, 116, 119

a states’-rights advocate, 109

Pullman strike, xxi, xxii, 200

Pure Food and Drug Act, 347

Quigley, Carroll, 378n, 489

Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden, The, 463n, 474n, 479n, 489n

Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, 462n, 463

Racial violence, historical myth of, 302–07

Radosh, Ronald, Prophets on the Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism, 552n, 554n

Radosh, Ronald and Murray Rothbard, eds., A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, 192n, 681n

Raguet, Condy, 91n, 181n

Raico, Ralph, ix, x, xxxiii

“Re-Thinking Churchill” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories (Denson, ed.), 385n, 548n

Railroads. See Transcontinental railroad

Rainbow Five, 494–95

Ramsay, Archibald, arrest and trial of, 485–86

Ramsdell, Charles W., 248, 271, 277

“Lincoln and Fort Sumter” in The Journal of Southern History, 243n, 244n, 248n, 249n, 255n, 264n, 272n, 275n, 276n, 277n

Randall, James G., 218

Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln, 218n, 271n, 275n, 282n

Randolph, John, 75, 77, 97n

assessment of Jefferson, 102

assessment of Van Buren, 170

quoted in John Randolph of Roanoke (Kirk), 95n

Ratchet effect, 28, 29, 572

crises lead to, 9

increase in government power demonstration of, xxvi

inflationary, evidence of, 26–27

pattern of, 27

powerful force in history, 25

Rayner, Isidor, 346

“Re-Thinking Churchill” (Raico) in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories (Denson, ed.), 385, 548n

Reagan, Ronald, xvi, 11, 382, 706

Real-bills doctrine, 179

Reason, 398n

Reciprocity, 326, 327

Reciprocity treaties, 325

Reconstruction, 289

Act, 314–16

era, xxxi, 289

Freedman Bureau bill, 306

Joint Commission of, 259

myths about, 300–02

not supported by Lincoln, 293

Southern whites prohibited from voting during, 230

to be taken over by Republicans, 297–98

Reeves, Richard, President Kennedy: Profile of Power, 614n, 619n, 623n, 624n, 625n, 633n, 634n, 635n, 636n, 639n

Reform, Age of, 707

“Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted So Long and Why Prosperity Resumed After the War” (Higgs) in Independent Review, 428n, 430n

Register of Debates in Congress, 344, 344n

Regulatory mandates, 3

Regulatory state, 347

Remini, Robert V.

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 180n, 213n, 214n

Legacy of Andrew Jackson, The, 154n, 157n, 165n

Life of Andrew Jackson, The, 155n, 157n, 158n, 162n, 164n

Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party, 171n

Repatriation of Soviet subjects, 576–77

Repeal Act, 68

Report on Manufactures (Hamilton), 149

Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny, A (Buchanan), 454n, 550n

Republican Party beginning of, xxxi

1860 platform of, 236

favors smaller government, 22

favors sound money, 22

formation caused Whigs to disappear, 161, 703

Restoration policy. See North Carolina Plan

Review of Austrian Economics, 3n, 688n

Review of Economics and Statistics, 445n, 447n

Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition (Martin), 597–98n

“Revolution Was, The” in The People’s Pottage (Garrett), xixn, xx

Rhodes, Cecil, 463

Riccards, Michael E, The Ferocious Engine of Democracy: A History of the American Presidency, vol. 2, Theodore Roosevelt through George Bush, 328n, 343n, 359n

Richardson, Heather Cox, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War, 220n, 224n, 227n

Richardson, James D., ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 177n, 184n, 190n, 299n, 300n, 306n, 307n, 308n, 309n, 310n, 313n, 315n, 316n, 317n, 336n

Richardson, James O., On the Treadmill to Pearl Harbor: The Memoirs of Admiral James O. Richardson USN (Ret.) as told to Vice Admiral George C. Dyer, USN (Ret.), 492n, 510n

Richardson, W.W., 225

Richmond Enquirer, 70

Rickover, H.D. How the Battleship Maine was Destroyed, xxin

Rights

of states, xix

to be protected by Constitution, 138

to be protected by government, 139

violation of human, 124

Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, The (Davis), 263n, 273n

Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938 (Ambrose), 549n, 550n, 551n, 568n

Rives, William C., 177, 183

Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), xii, 335n

Roane, Spencer, 45n, 73–74

Rockefeller interests, 471, 472, 512–13, 522

Roe, Mark J., Strong Managers, Weak Owners: The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance, 369n, 377n

Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History (Sherwood), 535n, 537n

Roosevelt and Stalin (Nisbet), 529n, 530n, 531n, 538n, 541n, 544n

Roosevelt, Elliott, 535

As He Saw It, 529n, 532n, 534n, 535n

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xxix, 425–51, 453–526, 527–45

abandoned gold standard, 434

alliance with Stalin, xxxiii, xxxiiin

and meeting with Don C. Smith about Pearl Harbor, 518

and Teheran, 538–40

apologists for, 454–56

at Yalta Conference, 541

Atlantic Conference under, 492

Atlantic Charter, 492

bank holiday of, 434

Brains Trust, 446

campaigned as peace candidate, 492

Charles Lindbergh a political enemy of, 487

compared to Lincoln, 519

controlled by Anglo-American Establishment, 522

desired welfare state globalization, 528

economic fascism his most enduring legacy, 440

economic policies and the Great Depression, 425

establishment of United Nations desired by, 529

foreign policy of, 528, 544

Henry Ford a political enemy of, 487

imperial presidency created by, xxvii

in Cairo, 536

in Casablanca, 534–36

internationalism and globalism introduced by, 528

Intrepid’s role in reelection of, 489–90

Japanese offer peace negotiation to, 501

Lend-Lease Act of, 496

Morgenthau Plan approved by, 540

Neutrality Act abandoned by, 450

new acts under Second New Deal, 440, 443

New Deal of, xxiv

new programs under, 430

ownership of gold illegal under, 434

Pearl Harbor deception, 455, 503

plan for breakup of Germany, 540

presidential ranking of, ix, ixn

price-fixing schemes of, 434

Rainbow Five, secret agreement of, 494–96

ranked as one of the greatest presidents, xn

Republican support for, 527

role in eliminating gold standard, 18

Russian aid became top priority of, 534

Second New Deal, 430, 440

and Second World War, xxiv

secret agreement with Britain, 485

and secret attacks on warships, 497–98

secret meeting with Churchill, 532–34

secret plan to cause Japan to fire first shot, 499–501

set stage for cold war, 527

shift of power during presidency of, xxv

solution for China, 537

speech commemorating Bill of Rights, 534

statist legacy of, 10

twofold legacy of, 544

Tyler Kent affair of, 485

universal democracy desired by, 529

violation of Constitutional restrictions by, 520

“Roosevelt Legacy, The” (Moss) in The Economist, 52

Roosevelt Myth, The (Flynn), 430, 430n, 434n, 436n, 440n, 444, 444n, 450n, 528n, 531n, 532n, 533n, 535n, 537n, 538n, 540n, 541n, 542n, 543n, 544n

Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (Burns), 440n, 529n, 530n, 531n, 641n

Roosevelt, Theodore, 329, 341–62, 407

as trustbuster, 349, 363–76

advocated the imperial presidency, xxxii

Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt, The, 346n, 350n

belief in executive power, 344ff.

Bull Moose candidacy, 365, 376

called for regulation of railroads, 347

as a committed nationalist, 341

condemned Jefferson Davis as traitor, 341

court martials ordered by, 356

disregarded Senate and Congress, 345–46, 357–58

enjoyed exercise of power, xxxii

fascination with war, 353ff.

first modern president, 341, 352

foreign policy of, 352, 357, 360

letter to John St. Loe Strachey, 345n

letter to Taft in Theodore Roosevelt Papers, 403n

on “dollar diplomacy,” 405ff.

railroad regulation, 347ff.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 357

as Rough Rider, 359

strong personality of, 342ff.

and taking of Panama Canal Zone, 397

The Letters of, 345n

top legislative achievements of, 347

use of executive commissions by, 352

views on race, 356

“Roosevelt’s Long Shadow” in Newsweek, 527n

Roosevelt’s Road to Russia (Crocker), 521n, 529n, 530n, 531n, 532n, 536n, 538n, 539n, 540n, 541n, 544n

Root, Elihu, 335n, 390

Roots of the Modern American Empire, The (Williams), 321n, 322n, 327n, 329n

Rosen, Gary, 39

American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding, 39n

Rosenberg, Emily S., Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945, 360n

Rosenman, Samuel I., Public Papers, 533n, 534n

Ross, Edmund G., voted against impeaching Johnson, xxxi

Rossiter, Clinton, 217–18

American Presidency, The, 342n, 641n, 649, 649n

Rothbard, Murray N., 35, 220, 338, 458, 468, 589, 590, 671

America’s Great Depression, 10n, 18n, 425

“America’s Two Just Wars: 1775 and 1861” in The Costs of War (Denson, ed.), 34n

Case Against the Fed, The, 348n

comments on analysis of Constitution by, 679n

Conceived in Liberty, 36n, 643n, 671n

“End of Economic Freedom, The” in The Libertarian Forum 3, 588n, 590n

Ethics of Liberty, The, 681n, 684n, 685n

For A New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto, 557n, 671n, 684n

Logic of Action Two, The, 204, 682n

Making Economic Sense, 570n, 597n

“Origins of the Federal Reserve, The” in The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 405n, 406n

wage and price controls foretold by, 590–91

Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy, 458n, 463, 469n, 472n, 488n, 490n, 512n

“War as Fulfillment” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories (Denson, ed.), 415n

Rothbard, Murray N., and Ronald Radosh, eds., A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State, 192n, 681n

Royal Institute of International Affairs, 464, 472

Rule of Law, 107, 129, 129n, 136, 442

cannot be protected by democracy, 103

Rummel, R.J.

Death by Government, 453n, 483n, 521n, 522

Rush-Bagot Agreement, 359

Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic, The (Banning), 38n, 40, 40n

Sacred Union of Citizens, A (Spalding and Garrity), 33n, 43n

Safety Fund, 178

Sainsbury, Keith, 539, 543

The Turning Point, 540n, 543n

Salerno, Joseph T., xxxiv

Samuelson, Paul A., 598, 603n, 604n, 611n, 616

Say’s Law, 356

Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor (Beach), 491n, 494n, 501n, 502n, 506n, 507n, 508n, 511n, 515n

Schenck, Robert, 225

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., ix, ixn, xxiv, xxivn, xxxv, 274, 386, 386n, 456, 460, 519, 641n

Age of Jackson, The, 149n, 150n, 155n, 156n, 157n, 164, 170, 181n, 185n

“Conversation with Historian Arthur Schlesinger, A” on All Things Considered, National Public Radio Broadcast, 527n

Imperial Presidency, The, ix, ixn, xxivn, 460, 460n, 519n

“Our Presidents: A Ranking by 75 Historians” in New York Times Magazine, 5n, 7n

support of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 527

Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, A, 623n, 633n, 634n

“Ultimate Approval Rating, The” in New York Times Magazine 146, 172n

Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom, The, 642n, 705n

“War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt” in Lincoln The War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, (Boritt, ed.), 274–75n, 519n

Schmitt, Carl, 646

Scientific expedition, first nationally funded, 198

Scott, General Winfield, 175, 216, 239, 241ff.

Scott, Otto, 291, 297n

Secession, 121

championed by North and South, 233n

as a defense against despotism, 107

examples of failed, 285

and revolution, only way to become free from regulation, 690–96

threatened by North and South, 236

war would settle questions of, 291

winter, 292

Second American Revolution, possibility of, 667

Second Bank of the United States. See Central Bank

Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 139

Secret Service, created to police counterfeiting, 227

Sedition Act, 65, 645

Selected Writings of Thomas Paine (Paine), 320

Self-determination, 316

Seligman, Edwin, 407

Semblance of Peace, The (Wheeler-Bennett, et al., eds.), 529n, 530n, 539n, 540n

Senators, direct election of, 142

Separation of powers, 107, 133, 678

Seven Weeks War, 285

Seward, William H., 182, 183, 245, 256ff., 271, 321f.

Seward-Blaine tradition, 334

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 225

Sherman Antitrust Act, xxxii, 363–364, 366, 371, 372

scope limited by E.C. Knight case, 350

signed by Harrison, 372

Sherman, John, 219

Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History, 535n, 537n

Short, General Walter, 498, 502, 506, 507, 510, 511, 515, 517, 518

Shughart, William F., II, and Jim F. Couch, The Political Economy of the New Deal, 446n, 448n

Silver, 322, 327

Simpson, Barry Dean, xxxiii

Sklar, Martin, 367

Slave Powers, 173, 707

Slavery, xvii, 228, 261

Civil War not waged against, xvii

Constitutional protection for, 242–43

Emancipation Proclamation not about, 229

historical myth of, 301

South relieved by end of, 301

war would settle questions of, 291

Slaves harbored by Seminoles, 194

Smith, Adam, xii, 156n, 432

Smith, David, xii

Smith, Don C., Red Cross director, 518

Smith, Tony, America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, 424, 424n

Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, 192

Social democracy, to bring welfare state, x

Social engineering

affirmative action as, 655, 664

defined, 651–52

first project of, 652

Social relations, defined, 651

Social Security, 10

Social Security Act, 440

Society of Cincinnati, Washington first president of, xxx

Soil conservation program, AAA program continued as, 439

Solow, Robert, 598

Sorenson, Theodore C., Kennedy, 623n, 624n, 625n, 633n, 635n, 636n

South Atlantic Quarterly 65, 196n

South Carolina, first state to secede, 238

Southern states

abolished slavery, 296f.

as conquered provinces, 298

restoration wanted by Lincoln, 293

Sovereignty of states, xix

Sovereignty: An Inquiry into the Political Good (de Jouvenel), 669n, 674n

“‘Soviet Threat’: Intentions, Capabilities, and Context, The” (Evangelista) in Diplomatic History, 557n, 558n

Soviet Union, growth of, after war, 544

Spalding, Matthew and Patrick J. Garrity, A Sacred Union of Citizens, 33n, 43n

Spanish-American War, xx, 328

Philippines obtained during, 354

Specie

Circular, 177, 178, 183, 190

promised, 292

replaced by paper money, 680

suspension of payments, 184

points, 317

Spoils system, 164

invented by DeWitt Clinton, 210

Spooner, Lysander, No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, 681n, 686–87n

Sprading, Charles T., ed., Liberty and the Great Libertarians: Anthology on Liberty, A Handbook of Freedom, xivn, xvn

Stalin, Josef, xxxiii, 521, 545

deal with Churchill, 550

and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 527–45

reputation for ruthlessness, 529

Roosevelt’s partner in crime, xxxiii

“Stalin’s Plans and Russian Archives” (Zubok), in Diplomatic History, 554n, 557n, 561n

Stampp, Kenneth M., And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861, 236n, 262n, 274n

Standard Oil, 363, 374, 375, 376

Standing armies, danger of, 70

Stanton, Edwin

dismissed by Johnson, 314

provoked racial conflict, 302–04

Stason, Dean E. Blythe, xxv, xxvi

State bonds, banks required to purchase, 186

State conventions after war, 297

State, defined, xv–xvi

State Interposition, Doctrine of, 98

States, sovereignty of, xix

States’ rights, xvii, xxix, xxxi, 34, 63, 105ff.

as defense against despotism, 107

delegated vs. reserved, 111

more secure at state level, 107–09

should be wiped out, 260

transition from federalism to unitary nationalism, 109, 122

Statism, two-layered, 338, 338n

Statist behavior and presidential reputation, 2

Steamboats, regulation of, 198

Steel Crisis of 1962, 632

Steel industry

assault on, by Kennedy, 632–40

charge of price-fixing against, 637

ordered seized by Truman, 570

of Pennsylvania, 207

Steel, Ronald, “The End of the Beginning” in Diplomatic History, 551n, 558n

Stein, Herbert, Presidential Economics: The Making of Economic Policy From Roosevelt to Clinton, 588n, 601n, 605n, 619n

Stephens, Alexander H., 274n, 387

Stephenson, William, See Intrepid

Sterling standard, 322

Stevens, Kenneth R., Border Diplomacy: The Caroline and McLeod Affairs in Anglo-American Relations, 1837–1842, 176n, 197n

Stevens, Thaddeus, 199, 297f., 305

speech by, in Congressional Globe, 298n

Stevenson, William, A Man Called Intrepid: The Secret War, 484n, 486n, 487n

Stinnett, Robert B., Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor, 498n, 500n, 503n, 515n

Stock-market crash, 192, 379

Storey, Moorfield, 397

Story, Justice, 116ff., 121

Strauss, Leo, Madison a disciple of, 39

Strict Construction

Doctrine of, 61, 62

supported by Jefferson, 63

Stromberg, Joseph R., xxxii, 552n

Stryker, Lloyd Paul, Andrew Johnson: A Study in Courage, xxxiin

Studenski, Paul and Herman E. Krooss, Financial History of the United States: Fiscal, Monetary, Banking, and Tariff, 50n, 52n

Sugar Trust, 373

Sumner, William Graham, 424

Andrew Jackson, 158n, 163n

Supremacy clause, in Constitution, Article VI, 114

Supreme Court (U.S.), xxvii, xxix, 105, 110ff., 126, 283

accomplice to presidential power, xxix

appointees confirmed by Congress, 143

attack on states’ rights by, xxix

can bypass Congress, 133

decisions,

Abelman v. Booth, 122n

Addyston Pipe, 373, 375

American Tobacco, 375, 376

Brassert v. Biddle, 125n

Chisholm v. Georgia, 123n

Cooley v. The Board of Wardens, 111

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 73

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 221, 337n

DuPont, 375, 382

E.C. Knight, 350, 373, 374, 375

Ex Parte Milligan, 283, 713, 713n

Fairfax’s Devisee v. Hunter’s Lessee, 112, 112n, 113n, 114n

Gibbons v. Ogden, 73, 111

Joint Traffic, 373

Marbury v. Madison, 64, 72, 73, 75, 111

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 73, 112, 114, 117n, 118, 118n, 119, 121, 135n

McCulloch v. Maryland, 73, 111, 112, 118, 123n

Missouri v. Holland, 130, 130n, 131, 132, 134

Standard Oil, 375, 376

Texas v. White, 132n

Trans-Missouri, 373

U.S. v. Belmont, 134, 134n

U.S. v. Curtiss-Wright, 133, 133n, 134

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 133n, 571

during Jackson administration, 157, 165

failure to check expansion of presidential power, 135

justices appointed by president, 143

overturned Sugar Trust decision, 374

relation to states’ counterparts, 116

states, subordinate to, 111ff., 121

to oversee judicial branch, 143

Swanberg, W.A., First Blood: The Story of Fort Sumter; 233n, 241n

Swartwout, Samuel, 183

Szabo, Imre, “The Historical Foundations of Human Rights and Subsequent Developments” in The International Dimensions of Human Rights (Vasak, ed.), 124n, 129n

Taft, William H., xxxii, 375, 388–411

antitrust and, 374–76, 404

at center of policymaking, 388–89, 410

empire-building in the Philippines, 396

foreign policies of, 405

as head of Philippine Commission, 389

letter from Roosevelt in Theodore Roosevelt Papers, 403n

and the Panama Canal, 389, 397–400

as Philippine pro-consul, 390–97

policies toward Cuba, 401–04

prime architect of state-building, 394

problems with Arthur MacArthur, 391

sent to Cuba by Roosevelt, 359

Taft-Hartley Act, 133n

Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., 177, 183

Taney, Roger B., 181n, 213

Tannehill, Morris and Linda, The Market for Liberty, 683n, 690n

Tarbel, Ida, 374

Tariff, 177, 179, 221f., 233, 235, 236, 253, 259, 261, 292, 300, 321, 325, 326

of Abominations, 163, 212, 235

Act of 1883, 321f

falling of, 189

flexible, 325

hike justified, 193

increase proposed by Jefferson, 51

Morrill, 251–52

opposed by Vallandigham, 218

passed, 220

signed by Buchanan, 242

needed to retire the federal debt, 163

promised by Congress, 292

protective, xix, 219

Tyler suspicious of, 216

unconstitutional, 217

Underwood, 415

Tariff History of the United States, The (Taussig), 219, 220n, 242n

Taussig, Frank, The Tariff History of the United States, 219, 219n, 220n, 242n

Tax, 261

all but minimal opposed by Jefferson, 48

amendment to allow, xxxiv

credit for investment, 620

effect of high, 615

increase in personal income tax rates, 613

increase relative to government needs, 611

Kennedy’s proposed tax cut bill, 624–25

largest peacetime increase, 192

now more than 40 percent of private income, 680

power to, xxxiv

raised by Jefferson, 51

raised by Wilson, 415

relief, 179

slashed during Harding’s administration, 10

and spend policies, 611

without representation, 313, 316

Taxation, chronic over-, 611

Taylor, A.J.P, The Origins of the Second World War, 459n, 461n, 467n, 474n, 475n, 476n, 478n, 479n, 482n, 501n

Taylor, John, 77

Taylor, Richard, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War, 295n, 301n, 305n

Teheran, 538–40

Teller, Henry, 358

Teller Amendment, 330, 331, 401

Telser, A Theory of Efficient Cooperation and Competition, 368n, 370n

Temin, Peter, The Jacksonian Economy, 190n, 191n

Temporary National Economic Committee, 380

Tennessee Valley Authority, 430

Tenure of Office Act vetoed by Johnson, 313

Terborgh, George, The New Economics, 607n, 609n

Texas independence declared, 173

Theory of Efficient Cooperation and Competition, A (Telser), 368n, 370n

Those Dirty Rotten Taxes: The Tax Revolts that Built America (Adams), 236n, 252n, 253n

Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, A (Schlesinger), 623n, 633n, 634n

Thurber, Francis, 323

Thurow, Lester C, ed., American Fiscal Policy: Experiment for Prosperity, 602n, 603n, 604n, 608n

Tilley, John Shipley, 275

Lincoln Takes Command, 237n, 241n, 244n, 248n, 249n, 250n, 251n, 258n, 261n, 262n, 263n, 264n, 265n, 271n, 272n, 275n

Timberlake, Richard H., Jr., 180n, 188n,

Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History, 180n, 185n, 188n, 190n, 214n

To Chain the Dog of War: The War Power of Congress in History and Law (Wormuth and Firmage), 564n, 565n, 570n

To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843 (Jones), 175–76n

Tobin, James, 598, 601n, 612n, 614n,

Todd, Thomas, Supreme Court appointee, 73

Toll roads and bridges, 156

Tolstoy, Nikolai, Stalin’s Secret War, 530n

Total War and the Constitution (Corwin), xxvn, xxvin, 320n

Totalitarian State, 593

Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism, and Europe, 1901–1950 (Powaski), 56, 555n

“Toward Full Recovery” in American Fiscal Policy: Experiment for Prosperity, 603n, 604n

Tragedy of American Diplomacy, The (Williams), 338n, 405n

Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (Quigley), 462n, 463

Trail of Tears, 194

Trani, Eugene P. and David L. Wilson, The Presidency of Warren G. Harding, xxiii–xxivn

Transcontinental railroad, 219, 223–27, 300

holding company for, 351

legislation passed to fund, 223

nationalized by Wilson, 415

public demanded regulation of, 227, 322

regulation called for by Theodore Roosevelt, 347

subsidies promised, 292

Trask, H. Arthur Scott, 45

Treaties Defeated by the Senate: A Study of the Struggle Between President and Senate over the Conduct of Foreign Relations (Holt), 352n, 358n

Treaty

Hawaiian annexation, 329

Jay’s, of 1794, 112

of 1916, 130

of Paris, 1783, 112

power of president to make, 134

reciprocity, 325

of Versailles, xxxv, 456, 461, 470–78

authors of, 456

as cause of World War II, 461

created Weimar Republic, 478

delivered to Germany, 476

opposed by La Follette, 734

Webster-Ashburton, of 1842, 176

Treaty enforceability, 115

Trenchard, John and Thomas Gordon Cato’s Letters, 139, 139n, 385n

Tripartite system of government, 589, 651

Tripolitan war, 51, 54–56

Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, The (Califano), 659n, 660, 661n

Truman Doctrine, 552

Truman, Harry S., 547–86

admirer of Andrew Johnson, 8n

as amateur historian, 1n

champion of Zionist cause, 573

conception of presidential power, 568

exercised imperial powers, xxxiii

Fair Deal of, 571

first social engineering project of, 652

foreign aid supported by, 572

inflation under, 20

meat shortage under, 568

Memoirs By Harry S. Truman, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope, 2n, 8n

Nuremberg trials endorsed by, 576

presidential rating of, xxviii

reference to presidential history, 1

socialist programs desired by, 547

and the steel seizure, xxiv, 570

as war criminal, 586

Truman, Harry S., Public Papers of 569n, 570n

Truman, Margaret, 574

Harry S. Truman, 575n

Truman (McCullough), 568n, 570n, 571n, 654n

Truman Scandals, The (Abels), 577n

Trumball, Governor Jonathan (Conn.), 98–99

Trust-busting, xxxii, 364

affects stock prices, 365

Tucker, St. George, 74

Tullock, Gordon and James M. Buchanan, The Calculus of Consent, 142n, 682n

Turning Point, The (Sainsbury), 540n, 543n

Twain, Mark, about Theodore Roosevelt, 342

’Twas a Famous Victory: Deception and Propaganda in the War Against Germany (Colby), 492n, 493n, 496n

Twight, Charlotte, America’s Emerging Fascist Economy, 439, 439n, 592n

Two-party system, 160–62, 165, 698–701

construction by Van Buren, 700

direct result of evolution of electoral college, 162

Tyler, John, 173, 185, 193ff., 201

bank bill vetoed by, 216

believed in states’ rights, 216

as great classical-liberal president, xxxi

Tyler Kent Affair, 485–86

Ulam, Adam, Stalin: The Man and His Era, 538, 538n

U.N. Declaration of Human Rights, 122,123–24

Undeclared war, dangers of, 70

“Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender: Missed Opportunities, Little-Known Near Disasters, and Modern Memory” (Bernstein) in Diplomatic History, 579n, 584n

Unemployment rate, 10, 440

1929–1940, 426

caused by forced-up wages, 442

during Great Depression, 191

statistical model of, 442

Unification

analyzed, 285–88

Civil War best example of, 285

United Nations, 122–29

Charter, 122

Roosevelt’s ambition to establish, 529

transfer of sovereignty, 123ff.

warning against by Washington, 524

United Press, 530

United States as warmonger, 681

United States Export Association, 323

Universal suffrage, 353

Unpublished annual estimates of U.S. GDP (Gallman), 191n

U.S. Department of Navy, xxin

U.S.-Mexican War, 236f., 244, 278–89

U.S. Steel, 632–40

U.S. National Economic Policy: 1917–1985 (Campagna), 599n, 618n, 620n, 630n, 633n

Vallandigham, Clement L., xxxiv

Abolition, The Union, and the Civil War, 730n

arrest and conviction of, 711–13

deported by Lincoln, 218

speech by, 711, 713–30

opponent of Morrill Tariff, 218

political career of, 711

Van Buren, Martin, xxi, xxx, xxxi, 169–201, 702

accomplishments of, 121, 189–200

American party system constructed by, 700

Amistad, 195–97

Aroostook War, 175–76

called for separation of bank and state, 180, 185ff.

as classical-liberal, xxi

compared to William Gladstone, xxx

concerned with protecting individual liberty, xxx

dispute with Canada, 174–76

domestic policies of, 188

elected as president, 160

foreign policy during presidency of, 171

formed Democratic Party, 153

greatest president, 171

kept U.S. out of war, 172–73

nicknames of, 170

post-inauguration financial panic, 177

relations with Mexico, 187–89

The Red Fox of Kinderhook, 170, 193

Van Deusen, Glyndon G., 199n, 200

Vandenberg, Arthur, 551

Vardaman, James K., speech against World War I, 734–35n

Vedder, Richard and Lowell E. Gallaway Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America, 10n, 192n, 429n, 442n

Vedder-Gallaway “Grades” for Presidents, 24

Venezuelan boundary dispute, 200

Veterans’ benefits, 201

Vidal, Gore, Empire, 319

Vietnam War, 11

Virginia Plan, Madison’s, 38, 39

Virginia Secession Convention, 258

Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom, The (Schlesinger), 642n, 705n

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 661

Wage-price

controls, 588–92, 639

freeze

effects of, 587–91

introduced by Nixon, 587

guideposts suggested by Kennedy, 617, 632

Wages, forced, cause of higher unemployment, 442

Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act

Wagner, Richard E. and James M. Buchanan, Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes, 26n, 609n

Wainstock, Dennis D., The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb, 578n, 585n

Walker, Leroy, 244

Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy (Rothbard), 458n, 463, 469n, 472n, 488n, 490n, 512n

War, 231–34

cause of great power to presidency, 232

costs of, 30

dangers of undeclared, 70

expenditures under Jefferson, 49

financed by taxing manufacturers, 220–21

Hugo Grotius about, 231

Industries Board, 377

Korean, 560–63

and naval departments to be reduced under Jefferson, 49

not defensive, 232

of 1812, 7, 199, 236, 279, 706

ratchet effect from, 27

and Peace, 27, 31

poem about, by J.P. Morgan, 735–36n

powers revived by McKinley, xxiv–xxviii, xxxiv, 320n, 335n, 336

real purpose of, 297

Spanish-American, Cleveland prevented, xx, 328, 354

Vietnam, 11

War Between the States. See Civil War

“War and the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt” (Schlesinger) in Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, 274–75n (Boritt, ed.), 519n

War Industries Board, 377

“War Opponent and War President” (Boritt) in Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, 278n, 279n

War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath (Ely), 563n, 565n

Warren-Pearson index of prices, 20n

Wars

of Europe, xxxiii

humanitarian, xxxii

Washington, George, 33–44, 147–48, 151

advocated no permanent alliances, 458

analogy to Cincinnatus, 33, 40

and Articles of Confederation, 35–37

antiwar stance, 43–44

Constitutional Convention, 37–39

Farewell Address, xxi, xxxiii, 34, 43–44, 457–58, 524, 679

Federalist Party member, 148

first president of The Society of Cincinnati, xxx

follower of radical centralism, 40

George Washington: A Collection, 458n

Hamilton’s role in drafting Farewell Address, 43n

hope for Potomac Canal, 36

image factor of, 40

letter to Alexander Hamilton, 36

letter to James Madison, 38

monarchy contemplated by, 38

not an intellectual, xiv

opponent of libertarian tradition, 43

presidential ranking of, ixn, xxviii, 7

supported centralized control, 34

supported convention for Articles of Confederation, 34

viewed as hero of American Revolution, 33

Washington Globe, 185n

Washington Post, 567, 588

Washington Times, 518, 660n

Washington Times-Herald, 559

Water right fees under Articles of Confederation, 36

Weber, Arnold R.,

In Pursuit of Price Stability: The Wage-Price Freeze of 1971, 588n, 589n

“The Causes of Free Bank Failures: A Detailed Examination” in Journal of Monetary Economics, 187n

Webster, Daniel, 179, 212

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, 176

Weed, Thurlow, 199

Weekly Standard, The, 454n, 648

Weiher, Kenneth, 626

America’s Search for Economic Stability: Monetary and Fiscal Policy Since 1913, 614n, 615n, 626n, 631n

Weimar Republic, created by Treaty of Versailles, 478

Welch, Richard E., The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland, xixn, xxii, xxiin

Welfare, 208, 592

for the railroad industry, 211

USDA created for dispensing, 226

Welfare state, xviii, 10, 282

Welfare system, not for relief of suffering, xix

Welfare-warfare state, 593

see also economic fascism

Welles, Gideon, 239, 318

West Virginia, created, 244

Wheeler-Bennett, John W., et al., The Semblance of Peace, 529n, 530n, 539n, 540n

Whig Party, x, 160, 166, 203ff., 237

against universal military training, 197

an overview, 211–16

central bank, 213

first challengers to the Democrats, 161

gained majority in 1837, 182

Lincoln, leader of, 208

mercantilist agenda of, 204

opposition to despotism, 211

Northern vs. Southern, 212

repealed the Bankruptcy Act in 1843, 193

White, Henry, 465

Wigfall, Senator, 244

Wildcat banks, 186

Wilkins, B. Hughel and Charles B. Friday, eds., The Economists of the New Frontier: An Anthology, 598n, 602n, 612n, 614n

William Howard Taft: A Conservative’s Conception of the Presidency (Anderson), 389n, 390n, 398n

Williams, William Appleman

Contours of American History, 323n

“Acquitting Judge, The” in For A New America: Essays in History and Politics from Studies on the Left, 1959–1967 (Weinstein and Eakins, eds.), 324n, 328n

Roots of the Modern American Empire, The 321n, 322n, 323n, 327n, 329n

Tragedy of American Diplomacy, The, 338n, 405n

Wilmot, Chester, The Struggle for Europe, 534n, 536n

Wilmot Proviso, 195, 229

Wilson, Clyde, xxix, xxxi

Wilson, Clyde, 74, 704

Wilson, David L. and Eugene P. Trani, The Presidency of Warren G. Harding, xxiii–xxivn

Wilson, Evan M., Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel, 573n, 574n

Wilson, Major L., 176

The Presidency of Martin Van Buren, 171n, 174n, 175n, 176n, 181n, 184n, 196n, 197n, 198n

Wilson, Woodrow, xxxii, xxxiii, 131, 413–24

antitrust policies, 377

assessment by Mencken, 414

concession on Treaty of Versailles, 477

Fourteen Points of, 414, 417, 422, 474

German policy of, 421–23

as gnostic prophet, 416–17

income tax instituted by, 9

inflation under, 20

military interventions of, 417

Papers of Woodrow Wilson, The, 417n, 422n

praised by Alderman, 413–14

promised peace treaty to Germany, 474

provoked revolution in Europe, 423

the real revolutionary, 424

reasons for wars, 419

reform legislation during first term, 415

secret letter to British, 470

true purpose of war, admission of, 473

and Treaty of Versailles, 473–78

war speeches of, 417–18

Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism during World War I (Ambrosius), 419n, 420n

Wiltse, Charles M., John C. Calhoun: Nullifies 1829–1839, 180n, 181n

Winchell, Walter, 488

Woodbury, Levi, 181

Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Bullitt and Freud), 470n, 476n, 490n

Works Progress Administration (WPA), 440, 443, 444–45

World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance, A (Sherwin), 578n, 582n

World War I, 468

antitrust suspension during, 365

cause of World War II, 461

opposition to, 734–35

ratchet effect from, 27

Webb-Pomerene exemptions during, xviiin, xxxiii, 9, 317

World War II: Policy and Strategy. Selected Documents with Commentary (Jacobsen and Smith, eds.), 582n

World War II, xxiv, 231, 453

brought end of anti-business actions, 380

cause of, 475

a continuation of World War I, 456, 461

Nuremberg War Trials after, 482

origins of, 480–81

patriotic myth of Americans, 454

price controls lifted after, 21

ratchet effect from, 27

World wars not inevitable or necessary, 460, 468

WPA. See Works Progress Administration

Wright, Silas, 181

Wright, Gavin, 443, 445

Yalta, 528, 541–42

Yankee Leviathan (Bensel), 217

Zakaria, Fareed, 280

Zionist cause, Truman a champion of, 573