Index

A Abuse, opportunity for, 59 Accounting method, 134 Adams, Walter, 109 n Addison v. Holly Hill Co., 6 n Adelman, Morris A., 129 n Administered prices, 63, 76, 94, 99, 160 Administrative Procedure Act, 6 Aetna Portland Cement Co., 7 n, 94n, 95 n Agricultural Adju~tment Act, 46 Aluminum, Company of. America (Alcoa), 50, 51, 53, 55 n, 60, 63, 119, 122, 123 n, 183 American Can Co., 108 American Column and Lumber Co., 63 n American Federation of Labor Long shoremen's Union, 4 American Iron and Steel Institute, 13 American Tobacco Co., 61 n, 81 n Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 1 n, 4n Anglo-Saxon law, violated, 66 Anthracite industry, 45 Antimonopoly hearings, 112 Antitrust Law Symposium, 37 n, 97 n, 98 n, 174 n Antitrust laws exceptions to, 37 history, 1, 22, 165 improvements urged by Wilson, 25 interpretation of, 1, 10, 18,48, 195 Antitrust lawyers, 48 Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader, 52 n Arnold, Thurman, 53, 183 Assembly-line workers, 159 Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.

breakup and, 164 case of, 124 charge, 115 Circuit Court decision, 114, 140 civil case of, 10, 124, 139 compared with smaller companies, 84 competitors of, 142 criminal Case of, 139 governmental complaint, 135 Index Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (Cont.): interdepartmental accounting, 134 retail price policy, 140 subsidies, 135 Auction market, 76 Austern, H. Thomas, 98 n Austin, David F., 9,8 n Automobile industry, 89, 138, 177 B Banks, 143, 148 Basing-point system, 7, 18 Bay Ridge. Operating Co., Inc. v. James Aaron, 4 n Berge, Wendell, 17 Bergson, Herbert A., 59, 62 n, 128 "Big," emotional definition of, 144 Big business, See Business, big Big company mortality, 73 Big government, 148, 195 Big Three's and Four's of American industry, 74, 93 Bill of Rights, 171, 174 "Billion-Dollar Club," 71 Blacklist, 126 Blue Label, 28 Blue-ribbon list of firms, 145 Boycott, 63, 126 Brandeis, Louis, 61, 143 Breakup suits, 164 Brokerage, 130 Building industry, 87 Burton, Harold, 6 Business big attack on, 6, 143, 190, 193 crime of, 59 fear of, 187 job of, 148 conduct, 20, 22 criticisms of, 94 eighteen different aspects of, 188 interrelation of, 107,149 large versus small, 68, 149 meaning of, 191 methods, A. & P., 142 morals, 193 unity, 108 Veblen, Thorstein and, 181 207 208 Business Size and the Public Interest, 155 .

Butter-and-egg dealers, 148 Buying methods, A. & P., 125, 128 C Capital, fixed, 152, 160 Captive economists, 68 Carboloy case, 56, 179 Cardozo, Benjamin, 60 Carson, John, 112 Cartel system, 42 Cassady and Grether, 141 n Caste system, in distribution, 38 Celler, Emanuel, 22, 74, 145 Cellophane, 57 Cement case, 7, 13 n, 18, 40, 47, 49, 94 Cement Manufacturers' Protective Assoc., 80 n, 96 Certificate of necessity, 45 Chains A. &·P., 124 competitors. in, 142 corporate, 141 movie, 64 Chaplin, Charlie, 158 Chemical developments, 149 Chenery Corp., 7 n Chicago Board of Trade, 77 Christoffel, Harold, 5 n Chrysler Corp;, 70 Cigarette companies, 81 Circumstantial evidence, 80 Civil Service Committee, 17 n Clark, John D., 77, 100 n Clark, Tom, 59, 114 Classic case, 5 n Clayton Act amendment of, 14,46 big business and, 146 criticism of, 167 passage of, 25 provisions of, 27 purpose of, 25 trend in interpretation, 42 Cleveland, Grover, 50 Cloverleaf v. Patterson,S n Coercion, 127 Collins, Edward H., 98 n Collusion, 63, 96, 104 Columbia Steel case, 61 n, 65, 143 n, 167 Combination, charge of, 63, 94, 142 Commissioner of Corporations, 116 Committee for Economic Development,69 Commodity Credit Corp., 148 Common ownership, 118 Competition among textile fibers, 90 attack on, 122 INDEX Competition (Cont.) : concentration and, 84, 88 danger of weakening, 169 desire for, 43 domination of, 74 effect. on, 30 .

elimination of, 74 ethical, 37 exclusion of, 55, 63 fostering, 41 good faith, 15 hard,65 in A. & P., 129 in big business, 105 in food business, 141 in free market, 11 injured, 38 interindustry, 89 large versus small, 154 monopolistic, 93 nonprice, 98 pressure of, 107 prevention of, 52 promotion of, 113 protection of, 46 pure, 99 quantity discount and, 27 system of, 25 unfair method of, 35 Compulsion neurosis, 189 Concentration assets and, 85 competition and, 84, 88 degree of, 85, 100 F.T.C. report on, 75 industrial, 67, 88 of power, 75 ratios, 87 Concentration of Productive Facil ities, 1947, in 26 Selected In dustries, 75 n Congress, 1, 41, 112, 168 Conscious parallel action, 12 Consent decree, 51, 176 Conspiracy, 78, 80, 82 Constitution, U.S., 1, 178 Consumer cost to, 194 forgotten, 34, 46 importance of, 119 in competition, 49 interest, 32 purchasing power of, 105 Contracts, dealer, 15 Contractual arrangements, 118 Corn-flakes, 126 Corn Products Co., 131 n Corporate lawyers, 48 Corporations big cartoonists and, 145 fear of, 157, 187, 195 policies and responsibilities, 160 INDEX Corporations (Cont.): big (Cont.): purpose of, 159 security and, 159 criticized, 68 formulas for breakup of, 168 measuring and comparing, 84 risks of, 150 selling policy, 48 Cost and price, 40, 102 Cost justification, 27, 32 Cost-plus principle, 40 Cost-savings, 28, 32 Cotton change in price, 96 exchanges, 77 textile industry, 120 Court review, privilege of,. 6 Crime indictment for, 176 new kind of, 55 prices and, 16 Crowder, Walter F., 100 n D Danville trial, 135 Daugherty, Harry M., 80 Deconcentration, 70 Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division in, 3 Depression business and, 67 concentration and, 100 influence of, 26 Detroit gasoline case, 24, 35, 40, 47 Dickinson, Legal Rules, 23n Discount practices, 38 Discriminatory prices, 30 Dissolution, 164 Distribution caste system of, 38 cost accounting, 32 high cost of,43 of goods, 93 Divestiture, 164 Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D.

Park & Sons Co., 34 n Documents, subpoenaed, 172 Douglas, Paul, 68 Douglas, William 0., 2, 5, 21, 62, 64, 66 n, 114, 143, 158, 182 Drucker, Peter F., 71 n,87, 88 n, 105 n Dual distribution system, 35 Dualism, of God and Satan, 191 Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 6 n Du Pont, 57, 91, 149, 154 n E Eastern States Retail Lumber Deal ers' Assoc., 34 n, 63 n Economic justice, 23 209 Economic perfectionism, 190 Economic power, 62 Economic principles, 96 Economic size, 157 Economic system abuse of, 74 discard of, 102 Economics, arm chair, 180 Edwards, Corwin D., 21 Election day, in industry, 162 Emergency Transportation Act, 45 Emotions, 189 Employee relations, 161 Employment lifetime, 161 reduced, 74 Engineers and the Price System, 181 England, Rule of Law, 23 Esso Standard, 104 Ethyl Gasoline case, 34 Exclusion, 54 Ex post facto law, 178 F Fair Labor Standards Act, 3 Fairless, Benjamin F., 91 n, 155 Farish, W. S., 118 n Farm Marketing Act, 46 Farm program, 46 Farming, integrated, 110, 121 Fashion Originators Guild case, 127 Fear of big business, 144, 187 Featherbedding, 47 Federal Communications Commis sion granting new station permits, 89 investigators, 172 Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co., 7 n Federal Reserve Board, study of earnings, 69 Federal Trade Commission cases (indexed by name of company) contradictions, 19 criticism of corporations, 68 criticism of report, 84 father of, 23 on industrial concentration, 71, 75, 84 passage of Act, 25 power of, 6 quantity discount .and, 11 Five-to-four decisions, 21 Fixed .capital, 152 Flanders, Ralph, 157 Food business buying and selling, 129 competition in, 141 size of, 131 Ford Motor Co., 70, 89, 136, 149, 151 210 Frankfurter, Felix,S Freer, Robert, 19, 21 Freight absorption, 19 charges, 14 phantom, 131 prices and, 20 .Fuel oils, 104 Functional discount 31, 37 Functional markups, 39 G Gary dinners, 79 Gasoline business, Detroit,. 35 Geiger case, 176 General Electric Co., 56, 144, 164, 167, 179 General Motors Corp., 70, 72 n, 85, 149,151,177 George, Edwin B., 97 n Good faith competition, 15, 40 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., 27, 27 n Government a big business, 148 buyers, 120 danger of, 195 lawyers, 9, 124 meaning of, 191 power over business, 6 wins its case, 171 Gratz case, 6 n Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co., See Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co.

Greediness, 153 Greenewalt, Crawford H., 150 n, 154 n Griffith case, 62 0, 64 Grocers' code, 46 Grocery business, 137 Group ownership, General Motors, 151 Guffey Coal Act, 45 Gypsum case, 81 H Hall, Edwin S., 118 n Hand, Learned, 54, 60 Hartford brothers, 10 Hartford, John, 137 Hayek, Friedrich, 22 Hill, Benjamin, 196 n Holman, Eugene, 161 n Horizontal integration, 49, 107 Horns and tail, 145 Housewife, A. & P. and, 142 "H.R. 1," 125 Humble Oil Co., 150 Hutcheson case, 5 INDEX 1 Ickes, Harold, 53, 76 Identical action, 76 Identical pricing, 11, 94 Imperfect market, 129 Income, national, 70 Independent enterprises, bill to pro mote, 145 Independent merchant, protection of, 41 Individual, protecting the, 161 Industry asset figures of, 85 Big Three's and Four's of, 93 building versus automobile, 89 competition within, 86 concentration, 75, 84, 88 n definition of, 86 distributing, 46 domination of, 6, 74 integration of, 108 opinion of, 9 powerhouse of, 9 questioned, 67 Inflammatory statements to juries, 175 Ingot market, 61 Innovations, 51, 153, 194 Insurance companies, 2, 70, 143 government, 3, 148 Integration advantages of, 116 emotional, 107 horizontal, 49, 107 industrial, 49, 107 vertical, 15, 107, 113, 119, 136 Interstate Circuit case, 80, 81 n Interstate commerce, 3 Inventories, 85 Investments, large, 150 J Jablonski, Wanda, 103 Jackson, Robert, 3, 31, 167 Jail sentences, 17 Jewkes, John, 196 n Johnson, Edwin C., 20 Johnston, Alva, 53 n Jones, Jesse, 53 Jones-Costigan Sugar Act, 45 Jury, prejudicing the, 175 K Kane Act, 45 Khayy am, Omar, 93 Kirschbaum v. Walling, 3 n Knox, John Clark, 122 Krupp Co., 56 INDEX L Labor relations, 3, 161 Laissez-faire policy, 101 Law dissolving of, 66 Rule of, 23 Supreme. Court and, 2 word and spirit of, 60 Lawyers, 48 Legislative powers, 1 Leisure class, 180 Lewin, John Henry, 174 n Life insurance, 2, 70, 143, 148 Lumber dealers, 34 M Madison Oil case, 172, 175 Major, J. Earl, 94, 103 n Manufactures, census of, 100 Maritime Commission, 148 Market control of, 74, 93, 100 strategy, 109 Marquette University, 20 Marshall, J. Howard, 185 n Mason, Lowell B., 7 n, 16 n, 36, 98, 185 Mass distribution agencies, 47 Mass production, 137 .

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 24 Master minds, 196 Matched prices, 11 McGrath, Howard, 22, 128, 165 Means, Gardiner C., 101 Meat business, 137 Mercantilist system, 119 Michigan State College, 109 Middle Atlantic Distributors, Inc., 35 n Miles, Dr., patent medicine, 34 Mill, John Stuart, 101 Mill-net idea, 13, 131 Mill prices, 106 Miller-Tydings Act, 37, 46 Milwaukee Grand Jury, 177 Milwaukee Retail Gasoline Dealers' Assoc., 36 Minton, Sherman, 114 Mitchell, Wesley, 152 Monarchy, limited, 24 Money, P.T.C. lack of; 7 Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act, 23 Monopolistic competition, 93, 182 Monopolize, 134 Monopoly charges of, 142 competition and, 45 difficult to establish, 105 familiarity with, 23 growth of, 78 n 211 Monopoly (Cont.): House Judiciary hearings on, 154 innovations and, 153 meaning of, 83, 134 of aluminum, 51, 54 of cellophane, 57 power, 62, 66 n, 67, 74 results of, 64 tendency toward, 52, 130 Morgan, J. Pierpont, 108 Morton Salt case, 7, 11, 24, 25 n, 27, 28,39,40,47,49 Motion picture case, 62 Motor Carrier Act, 45 Motorola, 89 Mousetrap maker's hazard, 50 Movie-chain, Griffith, 64 Murphy, Frank, 5 N National Association of Retail Grocers,47 National Broadcasting Co., 5 n National defense, 122, 195 National Industrial Recovery Act, 26, 45, 124 Neal, Alfred C., 100 n New York Stock Exchange, 77 Northern Securities case, 108 n Nostalgia, and assembly lines, 158 Nye case, 5 n o Obsolescence, 151 Oil industry, 103, 112, 116, 165 Oil wells, cost of, 149 Oligopoly, 74, 182 Olin Industries, 58 O'Mahoney, Joseph C., 71 Ordeal by Planning, 196 n Overtime case, 1, 4 p Parallel action, 12, 81, 97 Paramount case (1948), 114 Paramount, Schine, Griffith, Cresent Amusement (1944), 165 n Paranoia, 189 Patman, Wright, 113, 125 Paul v. Virginia, 2 n Petroleum industry control of, 50 price leadership in, 105 report on, 116 Pevely case, 95, 96 Pew, J. Howard, 119 n Phantom markups, 39, 131 Phonograph record business, 89 Pink case, 5 n Politics, 189 212 Portal-to-portal case, 1 Pound, Roscoe, 23 n Power concentration of, 75 growth of, 6, 195 monopoly, 62 of administrative agencies, 6 productive, 9 Pratt & Whitney, 149 Predatory practices, 63 President's Council of Economic Ad visers, 37, 68 Prices administered, 99 basing-point system, 7, 18, 95 changing, 102 crime and, 16 delivered, 13 discrimination, 14, 24, 47, 131 establishing, 74 expression of competition, 98 forms of reduction, 40, 136 gray market, 106 identical, 97 in A. & P. case, 125 in oil industry, 103 leadership, 78, 94, 103, 105 matched, 11, 76, 97 Mexican jumping bean theory of, 103 middleman's spread, 119 mill, 106, 131 of integrated firms, 110 policy, 13, 20, 106, 136 reduction of, 132 resale, 34, "35, 57 retail, 44, 140 rigid, 101 rise in, 104, 153 steel, 97, 106 uniformity of, 95 Principles of Political Economy, 101 Proceedings of Symposium,· Section on Antitrust Law, 22 n Production integrated with distribution, 49 volume control of, 77 Productive "power of industry, 9 Profit motive, 159 Profits A. & P., 129, 132, 134 desire for, 104 inconsequential, 136 long-term, 121 loss and, 135, 139, 154 n of integrated firms, 110 paper, 111 rate, 136, 137 risks and, 111 stabilized, 138 Veblen's attack, 181 Progressive tax, 125 Psychiatrists, 189 INDEX Public, big corporations and, 157 Pullman case, 179 Purchasing power of A. & P., 126 of consumers, 105 reduced, 74 Pure competition, 99 Pure research, 152, 160 n Q Quantity discounts, 11, 26, 30 Quorum, 5, 53 R Railroad co-ordinator, 45 Railroading, advantage of size, 149 Reconstruction Finance Corp., 148 Refining companies, growth of, 116 "Reign of Gilt," 180 Report of the Investigation of the Telephone Industry, 172 Resale price maintenance, 34, 35, 57 Research, 152, 160 n Responsibilities, corporate, 162 Restraint of trade charges of, 142 hurtful, 23 in sugar business, 36 results, 64 two-price level and, 130 Retail prices, 44, 140 Retail profit, 136 Retail selling, forbidden, 113 Retailers mass, 135 protection of, 38 Retroactive laws, 16, 178

Risks diversification of, 154 n of corporations, 150 profits and, 111, 121 Road to Serfdom, 22 Roberts, Owen J., 5, 20, 176 Robinson-Patman Act, 2, 14, 27, 29, 37, 39, 46, 124, 130 Rockefeller, John D., 108 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 67, 101, 196n Rostow, Eugene V., 83 n, 109 n, 184 Rubaiyat, 93 n Rule of Law, 23 Rutledge, Wiley B., 6 S Sabotage, 181 St. Louis milk case, 95 Sales managers, and government, 16 Salt, See Morton Salt case Sawyer, Charles, 97 n, 105 n Schine Chain Theatres, 113, 127, 166 INDEX Sears, Roebuck Co., 27 Security for workers, 159 Selling practices, A. & P., 125 Sherman Act big business and, 61, 146 cases under (indexed by name of company) competitlon under, 25 corporate size under, 60 divestiture program of, 170 early cases, 34 heart of, 25 n jail sentence and, 17 new view of, 55, 136 policy of, 37 preVIOUSpurposes of, 52 retroactive, 17~ trusts and, 79 uniformIty of prices and, 96 vertical integration and, IS, 114 Shipping, government, 148 Simons, Henry C., 120 n Size of antitrust cases, 172 of business, 59, 143, 157 technological advantages of, 149 yardsticks for, 16~ Smatler War Plants Corporation Act, 170 Smith, Adam, 102 Smith, Bradford B., 85, 87 Soap business, 90 SOCIal landscape, 157 Social Secunty Administration, 148 Socialism, idea of, 163 Socony-Vacuum, 104, 172 n Soft-coal industry, 45 Southeast underwriters case, 1, 3 n, 20 Speculation, 137 Staley Manufacturing Co.,. 131 n Standard Oil case, 15, 21, 35, 70, 114, 167 Standard Oil of California, 15 Standard Oil of Indiana, 15, 35, 48 Standard Oil of New Jersey, 72 n Standard Oil Trust, 50, 10~, 116 Standardized commodity, 96 State minimum markup laws, 46 State of Wisconsin v. Retail Gasoline Dealers Assoc. of Milwaukee, 36n State regulation of insurance, 2 State taxes, on large chains, 27 Statistical error, 85 Statistical tricks, 71, 73 Statute of limitations, 178 Steel companies competition in, 91, 98 n prices, 97, 106 production-unit, 109 size, 143 Stock, A. & P., 139 213 Stone, Harlan,S, 52, 96 Studies in National Policy, 184 Subpoenas, 171 Subsidy, 110, 121, 135 Sugar Institute case, 13, 37 Sun Oil Co., 118 Sunk capital, 152 Supreme Court big business and, 61, 146 breakup sufis and, 165 cases (indexed by name of person or company) conspiracy and, 78 decisions, 20 dissenting opinions of, 5 divided, 20 findings, 2 new policies of, 1, 29, 52 old versus new, 1 outlaws competition, 45 quorum, 5, 53 ten thousand commandments, 9 vertical integration and, 114 Swensrud, Sidney A., 105 n Swift case, 60 T Taxation progressive, 125 state, 27 Technological efficiency, 109 Telephone and Telegraph Co., 164 Television business, 89 Temporary National Economic Com mittee, 19, 100 n, 105 n, 118, 121, 183 Tennessee Valley Authority, 138 Textiles, competition in, 90 Theory of the Leisure Class, 180 Tobacco case, 54n, 61, 63, 81 Tower of Babel, 20 Trenton Potteries, 63 n, 79 Truman, Harry S., 68, 74, 143, 146, 171 Trust-busting, folklore of, 186 Trusts, Sherman Act and, 79 Tucker, Rufus S., 72 n, 101 Tungsten carbide, 56 Twentieth Century Fund, 43 Two-price theory, 130 Tyranny, 196 u Uniform delivered pricing, 13 Unit direct costs, 100 U. S. Census of Manufactures, 100 U. S. government, a big business, 148 U. S. Steel Corp., 60 n, 62, 70, 91, 97, 108, 165, 169 U. S. Wholesale Grocers Assoc., 47 214 v Vacuum of information, 183 Veblen, Thorstein, 152, 180 Venue, choice of, 174 Vertical integration, 15, 107, 113, 119, 136 Vested interests, 182 Virulent growth charge, 7S w Wages, regulation of, 4 Wages and Hours Act, 3 War plants, disposal of, 146 Warmack, W. J., 33 n Washington alarmists, 71 Webster, Bethuel, 178 n Western District of Wisconsin case, 35 n INDEX Western Union and Postal Telegraph, merger of, 45 Wheat, change in price of, 96 Whig Revolution of 1688, 24 Wholesaler, preservation of, 38 Wildcat claims, 4 Willkie, Wendell, 138 Wilson, Chas. E., (General Electric), 144, 154 Wilson, Chas. E., (General Motors), 138, 151 Wilson, Robert S., 119 n Wilson, Woodrow, 23, 25, 37

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