The Economic Role of Saving and Capital Goods; L. von Mises

THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SAVING AND CAPITAL GOODS As THE POPULAR philosophy of the common man sees it, human wealth and welfare are the products of the co operation of two primordial factors: nature and human labor. All the things that enable man to live and to en joy life are supplied either by nature or by work or by a combination of nature-given opportunities with human labor. As nature dispenses its gifts gratuitously, it fol lows that all the final fruits of production, the consum ers' goods, ought to be allotted exclusively to the workers whose toil has created them. But unfortunately in this sinful world conditions are different. There the "preda tory" classes of the "exploiters" want to reap although they have not sown. The landowners, the capitalists, and the entrepreneurs appropriate to themselves what by rights belongs to the workers who have produced it. All the evils of the world are the necessary effect of this originary wrong.

Such are the ideas that dominate the thinking of most Dr. Mises is Visiting Professor of Economics at New York Uni versity and part-time adviser, consultant, arid staff member of the Foundation for Economic Education. 116 THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SAVING AND CAPITAL GOODS 117 of our contemporaries. The socialists and the syndicalists conclude that in order to render human affairs more sat isfactory it is necessary to eliminate those whom their jargon calls the "robber barons," i.e., the entrepreneurs, the capitalists, and the landowners, entirely; the conduct of all production affairs ought to be entrusted either to the social apparatus of compulsion and coercion, the state (in the Marxian terminology called Society), or to the men employed in the individual plants or branches of production. Other people are more considerate in their reformist zeal. They do not intend to expropriate those whom they call the "leisure class" entirely. They want only to take away from them as much as is needed to bring about "more equality" in the "distribution" of wealth and income.

But both groups, the party of the thoroughgoing so cialists and that of the more cautious reformers, agree in the basic doctrine according to which profit and in terest are "unearned" income, are therefore morally ob jectionable, are the cause of the misery of the great ma jority of all honest workingmen and their families, and ought to be sharply curbed, if not entirely abolished, in a decent and satisfactory organization of society. Yet this whole interpretation of human conditions is fallacious. The policies engendered by it are pernicious from whatever point of view we may judge them. West ern civilization is doomed if we do not succeed very soon in substituting reasonable methods of dealing with eco nomic problems for the present disastrous methods.

118 LUDWIG VON MISES lVIere work-that is, effort not guided by a rational plan and not aided by the employment of tools and in termediary products-brings about very little for the im provement of the worker's condition. Such work is not a specifically human device. It is what man has in common with all other animals. It is bestirring oneself instinc tively and using one's bare hands to gather whatever is eatable and drinkable that can be found and appropri ated. Three Factors of Production Physical exertion turns into a factor of human pro ductionwhen it is directed by reason toward a definite end and employs tools and previously produced inter mediary products. Mind-reason-is the most important equipment of man. In the human sphere, labor counts only as one item in a combination of natural resources, .capital goods, and labor; all these three factors are em ployed, according to a definite plan devised by reason, for the attainment of an end chosen.· Labor, in the sense in which this term is used in dealing with human affairs, is only one of several factors of production.

The establishment of this fact demolishes entirely all the theses and claims of the popular doctrine of exploita tion. Those saving and thereby accumulating capital goods, and those abstaining from the consumption of previously .accumulated capital· goods, contribute their share to the outcome of the processes of production. Equally. indispensable. in the conduct of affairs is the THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SAVING AND CAPITAL GOODS 119 role played by the human mind. Entrepreneurial judg ment directs the toil of the workers and the employment of the capital goods toward the ultimate end of produc tion, the best possible removal of what causes people to feel discontented and unhappy. What distinguishes contemporary life in the countries of Western civilization from conditions as they prevailed in earlier ages-and still exist for the greater number of those living today-is not the changes in the supply of labor and the skill of the workers and not the familiarity with the exploits of pure science and their utilization by the applied sciences, by technology. It is the amount of capital accumulated. The issue has been intentionally obscured by the verbiage employed by the international and national government agencies dealing with what is called foreign aid for the underdeveloped countries.

What these poor countries need in order to adopt the Western. methods of mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses is not information about a "know how." There is no secrecy about technological methods. They are taught at the technological schools and they are accurately described in textbooks,. manuals, and periodical magazines. There. are many experienced specialists available for the execution of every project that one may find practicable for these backward coun tries. What prevents a country like India from adopt ing the American methods of industry is the paucity of its supply of capital goods.· As the Indian government's confiscatory policies are deterring foreign capitalists Jrom investing in India and as its prosocialist bigotry sabo120 LUDWIG VON MISES tages domestic accumulation of capital, their country de pends on the alms that Western nations are giving to it.

ConSU1ners Direct the Use of Capital Capital goods come into existence by saving. A part of the goods produced is withheld from immediate con sumption and employed for processes the fruits of which will only mature at a later date. All material civilization is based upon this "capitalistic" approach to the prob lems of production. "Roundabout methods of production," as Bohm Bawerk called them, are chosen because they generate a higher output per unit of input. Early man lived froin hand to mouth. Civilized man produces tools and inter mediary products in the pursuit of long-range designs that finally bring forth results which direct, less time consuming methods could never have attained or only with an incomparably higher expenditure of labor and material factors. Those saving-that is consuming less than their share of the goods produced-inaugurate progress toward gen eral prosperity. For the seed they have sown enriches not only themselves but also all other strata of society.

It benefits the consumers. The capital goods are for the owner a dead fund, a liability rather than an asset, if not used in production for the best possible and cheapest provision of the people with the goods and services they are asking for most urgently. In the market economy the owners of capital goods are forced to employ their propTHE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SAVING AND CAPITAL GOODS 121 erty as if it were entrusted to them by the consumers under the stipulation to invest it in those lines in which it best serves those consumers. Virtually, the capitalists are mandataries of the consumers, bound to comply with their wishes. In order to attend to the orders received from the con sumers, their real bosses, the capitalists must either them selves proceed to investment and the conduct of business or, if they are not prepared for such entrepreneurial ac tivity or distrust their own abilities, hand over their funds to men whom they consider as better fitted for such a function. Whatever alternative they may choose, the supremacy of the consumers remains intact. No mat ter what the financial structure of the firm or company may be, the entrepreneur who operates with other peo ples' money depends no less on the market, that is, the consumers, than the entrepreneur who fully owns his outfit.

How To Raise Wages There is no other method to make wage rates rise than by investing more capital per worker. More invest ment of capital means: to give to the laborer more ef ficient tools. With the aid of better tools and machines, the quantity of the products increases and their quality improves. As the employer consequently will be in a posi tionto obtain from the consumers more for what the employee has produced in one hour of work, he is able -and, by the competition of other employers, forced to pay a higher price for the man's work.

122 LUDWIG VON MISES As ,the labor u,nion, doctrine 'sees it, the' wage increases that they are obtaining, by what is euphemistically called "collectiv~bargaining" are not to burden the buy ers of the products but should be absorbed by the em.. players. The latter should cut down what in the eyes of the communists is called' "unearned income," that is, interest on' the capital invested and the profits derived from success in filling wants of the consumers that until then had remained unsatisfied. Thus the' unions hope to transfer step by step all this allegedly unearned income from the pockets of the capitalists and entrepreneurs in to those of the employees. Intervention ,and Unemployment What really happens on the market is, however, very different. At the market price m of the product p, all those who were prepared to spend m for a unit of p. could buy as much as .they wanted. The total quantity of p produced and offered for sale was s. It was not larger than s because .with such a larger quantity the price, in order to clear the market,' would have to drop below m; to mI. But at this price ofml the producers with the highest costs would suffer losses and would thereby be forced to'stop producing p.These marginal producers likewise incur losses and are forced. to discontinue pro ducing p if the wage increase enforced by the union (or: by a governmental minimum wage .decree) causes an in-, crease' of production costs not compensated by a rise' in' the price of m to m2 • The resulting restriction of producTHE ECONOMIC ROLE OF SAVING AND CAPITAL GOODS 123 tion necessitates a reduction of the labor force. The out come of the union's "victory" is the unemployment of a number of workers.' The result is the 'same if the employers are in aposi-: tion to shift the increase in production costs fully to the consumers, without a drop in the quantity of p pro duced and sold. If the consumers are spending more for the purchase' of p, they must cut ·down their buying. of some other commodity q. Then the demand for q drops and brings about .unemployment of a part of the men who were previously engaged in turning out q..

The union doctrine qualifi~s interest received by the owners of the capital invested in the enterprise as "un earned" and concludes that it could be abolished entirely or considerably shortened without any harm to the em ployees and the consumers. The rise in production costs caused by wage increases could therefore be borne by shortening the company's net earnings and a correspond ingreduction of the dividends paid to the shareholders. The same idea is at the bottom of the unions' claim that every increase in what they call productivity 'of labor, (that is, in the sum of the prices received for the total output divided by the number of man hours spent in its production) should be added to the wage bill. Both methods mean confiscating for the benefit of the em ployees the whole or at least a considerable part of the returns on the capital provided by the saving of the capitalists. But what induces the capitalists to abstain from consuming their capital and to increase it by new saving is the fact that their forbearance is counterbal124 LUDWIG VON MISES anced by the proceeds of their investments. If one de prives them of these proceeds, the only use they can make of the capital they own is to consume it and thus to in augurate general progressive impoverishment.

The Only Sound Policy What elevates the wage rates paid to the American workers above the rates paid in foreign countries is the fact that the investment of capital per worker is in this country higher than abroad. Saving, the accumulation of capital, has created and preserved up to now the high standard of living of the average American employee. All the methods by which the federal government and the governments of the states, the political parties, and the unions are trying to improve the conditions of peo ple anxious to earn wages and salaries are not only vain but directly pernicious. There is only one kind of policy that cart effectively benefit the employees, namely, a pol icy that refrains from putting any obstacles· in the way of further saving and accumulation of capital.