72. The Newburgh Conspiracy

0:00Volume 4, Chapter 72, The New Burg Conspiracy The conservatives would not simply give up and abandon their dreams of centralized rule. If the peaceful road of passing an impost was blocked, then more drastic means would have to be found. Moreover, the right knew that it was pressed for time. Soon the war would be over in all formality, and the cover of the war effort could no longer be used as a prop for centralizing government power. Thus, both Robert and Gouverneur Morris saw that peace would be fatal to their hopes of greatly expanding Federal power. To the Conservatives, it appeared to be now or never.

0:46One solution would have been a convention for a new Constitution, and Hamilton and Shuler had already pushed a recommendation for such a convention through the New York Legislature in mid 1782. But there was scarcely time for such a drive. The conservatives found their immediate opportunity in rising discontent among the officers of the Continental Army. Army. Thanks to Washington's drive for a conventional, disciplined army, the radical principles of a democratic army were vitiated, and an officer caste, highly paid in relation to the common soldier, was established during the war. The officers longed for the standard European system of half-pay pensions for life after the war, and in the fall of 1780, the triumphant conservatives Congress, eager to establish an officer caste and a permanent standing army, as an integral part of their nationalist plans, promised half pay for life to the officers.

1:54But the states, more influenced by the radical hostility to the military, began to balk, and Congress too showed no signs of carrying through its promise. Time was also getting short for the officer caste, for peace would bring demobilization, weakening the potential counter-revolutionary pressure that the Army might exert. It was now or never for the officers, and their aims now coincided with those of the right. A delegation of three Army officers, headed by General Alexander McDougall, submitted Commuted the officers petition to Congress in early January 1783. The officers demanded payment of arrears and above all half pay for life. Actuarially commuted into a payment of six years full salary. Otherwise they warned fatal consequences would follow. Congress led by anti-militarist New England rejected the proposal but while in the capital the Robert Morris warned the officers that their demands, so useful to his schemes, must be made solely upon the Federal Government and not solely upon the Federal Government.

3:30not be referred back to the States. Generals MacDougall and Knox and Gouverneur Morris spread the word of the new unity of the vested interest in Federal Government claims, and discreet hints began to circulate of an Army coup should Congress not capitulate. Arthur Lee, acutely worried, wrote to his fellow anti-militarist Samuel Adams that the terror Remember of a mutinying army is played off with considerable efficacy. He reported also that unwelcome memories were being awakened of Cromwell's counter-revolutionary coup during the English Revolution when he and his army crushed Parliament for attempting to disband the army without meeting its demands for pay.

4:18Governor Morris exalted to John Jay, the army has swords in their hands. You know enough of the history of mankind to know much more than I have said, or as he explicitly and revealingly added, you and I, my friend, know by experience that when a few men of sense and spirit get together and declare that they are the authority, such view as are of a different opinion may easily be convinced of their mistake by that powerful With opinion in Philadelphia sufficiently alerted, it now became necessary to whip up the Army. On March 8th, Colonel Walter Stewart, holder of a large amount of public securities and acting as an agent for Morris and his cohorts, arrived at Newburgh, where the Continental Army was stationed.

5:13Soon it was widely rumored that the army would refuse to disband, and standing with the public creditors and aided by Morris, it would revolt against Congress. Asked by his close friend William Doerr how the troops would be fed if they launched a coup against Congress, and in a sense against their country, Morris smugly answered, I will feed them. On March 10, 1783, the conspirators decided to move. John Armstrong Jr., an aide to General Gates and the young son of a fiery Pennsylvania radical, circulated his explosive Newburgh Address. In the address, he attacked the idea of moderation and called for an officer's meeting for March 11 to draw up a last remonstrance to Congress, Congress, a remonstrance which would be followed by an army revolt, and so the conservative conspirators began to put their plans for military coup into effect.

6:16To whipsaw Congress, Robert Morris had submitted his resignation at the end of January. This sudden and surprising move hit the Congress with the force of a thunderclap. It was an arrogant attempt at blackmail, for his resignation was to take effect at the The End of May, unless Congress had by then established a system for the permanent funding of the public debt. He also took care to publish his resignation threat in the press, thus maximizing the pressure upon Congress from all sides. What Morris was demanding was that it order the states to pay a full schedule of federal taxes, internal as well as imposed, if they did not pay their full quota of the federal and no debt within a year. This was to be an open assumption and seizure of an overriding tax power under the Confederation.

7:13The evident unconstitutionality of such dictation was swept aside. As Ferguson points out, this ultimatum to Congress makes no sense except in the light of its timing to coincide with the army conspiracy. The final and critical link in the plan for a rightist coup was to persuade George Washington, a man of enormous if undeserved prestige, as the victor of the Revolutionary War, to join in the scheme. Only the mighty Washington could successfully take the reins of a military coup d'etat. Alexander Hamilton's main role then was to convince the Commander-in-Chief. He urged Washington to intervene, in conjunction with General Knox, to bring order, perhaps even good, out of confusion.

8:04But Washington, while highly in sympathy with the Conservatives' goals, staunchly refused to take the path of a military coup, a course that would be productive of civil commotions and ending blood. Stepping in to avert the plot, Washington ordered postponement of the officers' meeting until March 15, when the report of the delegates to Congress could be considered. Armstrong countered quickly with his second Newburgh address, frantically calling upon the officers to turn their arms against the government, to seize the vital moment, and to carry your appeal from the justice to the fears of government. Otherwise, the officers would only wade through Through the Vile Mire of Dependency and Go, Starve and Be Forgotten.

8:55He also maintained that Washington was secretly in favor of his plan. But at the officer's meeting, Washington made a highly emotional speech in behalf of legal means and he attacked the author of the addresses as perhaps an agent of the British, plotting disruption. In this climate, the conspirators could only suppress their bitter disappointment and vote unanimously to offer their loyalty to Congress and to condemn the Armstrong addresses. In return, Washington sent an urgent message to Congress, pressing it to meet the officer's demands. Hamilton, seeing the way the wind was blowing, hastened to assure Washington that he had not meant to urge illegal means.

9:45While the Newberg conspiracy had collapsed upon the rebuff of Washington, Congress was still under the twin blackmail threats of the Army and the resignation of the financier. Congress did agree to grant the Army officers five years' full pay in commutation of the promised pension. The pay would be in Federal securities, thus adding the officers' committed pensions to to the rest of the growing body of the public debt. But the major nationalist demand, as before, was for a federal taxing program. Morris, Hamilton and Wilson demanded a comprehensive federal taxing system collected and administered by federal officers.

10:33James Madison also led in the struggle for federal taxation, but various taxes met strong opposition. Richard Henry Lee was an effective opponent, and the hardcore of the radicals, headed by his brother, Arthur, and the Rhode Island delegation, opposed any federal tax whatsoever. Furthermore, the clear restrictions of the Articles of Confederation helped the left greatly. As Arthur Lee declared, the Confederation is a stumbling block to those who wish to introduce new and arbitrary systems. Rather than try to drive through a federal tax program, however, Congress finally fell back in April 1783 on a second request for an impost.

11:20This time, the impost bill was modified. The grant of power to Congress for an impost was to be for 25 years instead of permanently, and the collectors would be appointed by the several states. However, for 25 years the federal government would also have the power to raise $1.5 million a year in estate taxes. Hamilton held out to the last supporting the bill, but voting against it as a protest against the surrender of conservative goals, while Jonathan Arnold and John Collins voted against the imposed, partly because the collectors would still be federal officers. Arnold, in fact, charged that the Impost was a device to undo the revolution.

12:07Morris, who had put his political career on the line, was also scornful of the compromise, and while he consented to stay in office until the end of 1784, his power rapidly melted away. For the nub of the Conservatives' program, the Federal taxing power had been rebuffed, Now Congress's ratification of the peace treaty on April 15, 1783 meant that the pressure for centralization had passed away. Washington, highly critical of the Morrises for using the army's demands as a weapon in their drive for centralized power, remained as a bulwark against any coup. Furthermore, Congress's attempt to keep the army in being until Britain's The final gratification failed, as soldiers, eager to get home, protested, mutinied and insulted their officers.

13:05Soon the entire army disintegrated under this pressure from below, except for Washington's own command. Congress authorized him to grant a wholesale furlough at the end of May, and within a month the Continental Army, For me, its work, obviously done, had virtually dissolved, ignoring the demands of its officer corps that it remain. Some of the departing soldiers were lucky enough to receive three months' pay in Morris Notes, while the non-commissioned officers were thwarted in their demands for five years' pay. Unlike the officer caste, the soldiers did not pressure for grandiose terminal pay, nor Or Did They Threaten a Military Coup or Call for Permanent Standing Army?